[{"id":261,"date":"2023-04-22T21:06:12","date_gmt":"2023-04-22T21:06:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=261"},"modified":"2023-04-28T18:02:27","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T18:02:27","slug":"drinking-water-test-results-pfas-contamination","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/drinking-water-test-results-pfas-contamination\/","title":{"rendered":"Drinking Water Test Results: PFAS Contamination"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"261\" class=\"elementor elementor-261\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3daafd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3daafd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7f98de\" data-id=\"e7f98de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba1493 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ba1493\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Testing Methodology<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf0a6f0 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf0a6f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ff7176a\" data-id=\"ff7176a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4885823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4885823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We tested drinking water at three different locations across Washington, DC. We used Cyclopure PFAS Water Test Kits, which were recommended to us by multiple experts, including Upper Potomac Riverkeeper, Brent Walls. The Cyclopure PFAS Water Test Kit can detect a total of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cyclopure.com\/product\/water-test-kit-pro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>55 per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cyclopure.com\/product\/water-test-kit-pro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>Cyclopure test kits quantify PFAS concentration<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to a level of accuracy down to 1-2 parts per trillion.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><div><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Testing Procedures:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Researchers wore gloves at all testing locations, allowed the<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u00a0water in the Cyclopure tests to filter out through the DEXSORB absorbent pad for 20-30 minutes, u<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">sed room temperature tap water for each test, and d<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">id not shake the tests until the last few drops of water were left in the test containers.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">All tests were immediately put back into their boxes.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><br \/><\/span><\/div><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">We tested tap water from:\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cassell Residence Hall at American University (4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016) in the Spring Valley Neighborhood of Northwest DC.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">La Plaza Mexican &amp; Salvadorian Cuisine (629 Pennsylvania Ave. SE #4303, Washington, DC 20003) in the Capitol Hill Neighborhood.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anacostia Neighborhood Library (1800 Good Hope Road SE, Washington,\u00a0 D.C.\u00a0 20020) in the Anacostia Neighborhood of Southeast DC.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4441990 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4441990\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce67ed5\" data-id=\"ce67ed5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-118004b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"118004b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Results<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d69e358 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d69e358\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0856e70\" data-id=\"0856e70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be7a7ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be7a7ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Our <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1D6cc8tbMKLsrsv-t_BvkLm-CT1s2D4t7\/view?usp=share_link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>water test results<\/u><\/a> detected six different PFAS present in each of the three different locations we tested. The specific chemicals detected at each location were PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFHxA, and PFPeA.<\/span><\/p><p>These testing results are not a representative sample of PFAS contamination in DC drinking water.<span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><br \/><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11e78bc elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11e78bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a92132e\" data-id=\"a92132e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b93c2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6b93c2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1263\" height=\"887\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-22-at-6.14.03-PM-e1682311327377.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-263\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-22-at-6.14.03-PM-e1682311327377.png 1263w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-22-at-6.14.03-PM-e1682311327377-300x211.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-22-at-6.14.03-PM-e1682311327377-1024x719.png 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-22-at-6.14.03-PM-e1682311327377-768x539.png 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-22-at-6.14.03-PM-e1682311327377-750x527.png 750w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-22-at-6.14.03-PM-e1682311327377-1100x773.png 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1263px) 100vw, 1263px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Map produced by researchers using ArcGIS<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9fd0d94 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9fd0d94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bfd6016\" data-id=\"bfd6016\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eee6e82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"eee6e82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">PFOS<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PFOS is one of the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-06\/drinking-water-ha-pfas-factsheet-communities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">most <u>widely used and studied<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> PFAS along with PFOA. Studies looking at individuals who have been exposed to PFOS have <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-06\/drinking-water-ha-pfas-factsheet-communities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>indicated connections<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> between exposure to PFOS and impacts on the immune system, cardiovascular system, human growth and development, and cancers. The interim updated Health Advisory from the EPA for PFOS is 0.02 parts per trillion.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">PFOA<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PFOA is another<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-06\/drinking-water-ha-pfas-factsheet-communities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<u>widely used and studied<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> PFAS along with PFOS. Studies looking at individuals who have been exposed to PFOA have <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-06\/drinking-water-ha-pfas-factsheet-communities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>indicated connections<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> between exposure to PFOA and impacts on the immune system, cardiovascular system, human growth and development, and cancers. The interim updated Health Advisory from the EPA for PFOA is 0.004 parts per trillion.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">PFBS<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PFBS, or perfluorobutanoic acid, is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/drinking-water-health-advisories-pfoa-and-pfos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>regarded as an<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> alternative to PFOS in chemical and product manufacturing. PFBS <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-06\/drinking-water-ha-pfas-factsheet-communities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>has been linked<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to adverse impacts on human health. It has been associated with health effects on development, the thyroid, the reproductive system, and the kidney. The final Health Advisory from the EPA for PFBS is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2022-06\/drinking-water-ha-pfas-factsheet-communities.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>2,000 parts per trillion<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">PFHxS<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Studies <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Perfluorohexanesulfonic-acid#section=Antidote-and-Emergency-Treatment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>demonstrate that PFHxS<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> may be a neurotoxin with similar health effects to PFOA and PFOS. It has been linked to high cholesterol, developmental issues, and effects on the liver and immune system. PFHxS are part of the EPA\u2019s Hazard Index and can be calculated <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2023-03\/How%20do%20I%20calculate%20the%20Hazard%20Index._3.14.23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>here<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7433796\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>PFHxS have been<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> used in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) and have been discharged into water by industry and wastewater treatment plants.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">PFHxA<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\"><p>PFHxA is a <a href=\"https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/iris_drafts\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=352767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>breakdown product<\/u><\/a> of other PFAS chemicals. Although it has yet to be found as a carcinogen, PFHxA exposure can be linked to harm in the kidneys such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0273230019300194#:~:text=Collectively%2C%20these%20studies%20indicate%20that,response%20and%20duration%2Dresponse%20patterns.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>increased kidney weight<\/u><\/a>. PFHxA are most frequently found in <a href=\"https:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/iris_drafts\/recordisplay.cfm?deid=352767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>agricultural crops and has been detected in household dust, groundwater, and drinking water<\/u><\/a>. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The <u>Hazard Index PFHxA in water is 1<\/u><\/a>.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">PFPeA<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\"><p>PFPeA is part of the perflourinated chemicals and has been linked to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ewg.org\/tapwater\/contaminant.php?contamcode=E208\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>similar health effects as PFOS<\/u><\/a>. It is also one of the less common PFAS chemicals.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d272531 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d272531\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdab636\" data-id=\"cdab636\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15833dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15833dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Limitations<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc5ab66 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc5ab66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2322c79\" data-id=\"2322c79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758daa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"758daa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Due to limits in funding and time, we were only able to test three locations in the Washington, DC area. This is not a representative sample of PFAS in DC tap water. We are not able to draw any conclusions about the scale of PFAS contamination of DC tap water. Instead, we would classify our water testing as exploratory sampling. We recommend further research and water testing both in Washington, DC and nationwide. Additionally, we call for transparency and data availability in other entities testing for PFAS. This would ensure both researchers and the public will have access to information to make informed decisions about public health.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While it is clear that PFAS contamination is present in DC drinking water, more research must be done to examine the scale and scope of contamination. PFAS are an incredibly complex issue and much about them is still unknown. In particular, further research should be conducted on potential environmental justice issues connected to PFAS contamination. Public health, environmental health, and justice are inextricably linked and more work must be done to interrogate how PFAS may impact different groups disproportionately.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b85f9dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b85f9dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1b024b\" data-id=\"b1b024b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-348b986 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"348b986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Recommendations for Future Research<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3aaf1a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3aaf1a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-369aa88\" data-id=\"369aa88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f33f82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f33f82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To further expand on our research, more comprehensive testing and analyses of PFAS, both in DC and nationwide drinking water, should be conducted.\u00a0<span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-6c7c7df )\">In addition, the possible links between exposure to PFAS and other demographic factors including location, socioeconomic status, and race should be explored.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-6c7c7df )\">This type of research has not been conducted at the national level or in a scope specific to Washington, DC. Such<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-6c7c7df )\">\u00a0exploration and analysis would allow for a better understanding of how PFAS impacts people across the U.S. and Washington, DC. In particular, t<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-6c7c7df )\">esting and analyzing a representative sample of nationwide drinking water, something that has not yet been done, would provide important context for how PFAS is impacting the U.S. population. Testing a representative sample of drinking water in Washington, DC would also allow for a more developed understanding of how contamination affects DC residents specifically.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Testing Methodology We tested drinking water at three different locations across Washington, DC. We used Cyclopure PFAS Water Test Kits, which were recommended to us by multiple experts, including Upper Potomac Riverkeeper, Brent Walls. The Cyclopure PFAS Water Test Kit can [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4032,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-261","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4032"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=261"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/261\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":190,"date":"2023-04-11T20:06:32","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T20:06:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=190"},"modified":"2023-04-28T18:14:27","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T18:14:27","slug":"elementor-190","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/within-washington-dc\/elementor-190\/","title":{"rendered":"Sources of PFAS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"190\" class=\"elementor elementor-190\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-056955c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"056955c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f4afb2\" data-id=\"1f4afb2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26d1d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26d1d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Where DC Drinking Water Comes From<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0239fd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0239fd2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1aa5d4e\" data-id=\"1aa5d4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-647035b elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"647035b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1768\" height=\"1144\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-205\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM.png 1768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM-1024x663.png 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM-1536x994.png 1536w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM-750x485.png 750w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-12-at-9.26.09-PM-1100x712.png 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1768px) 100vw, 1768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5a33a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c5a33a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sourced from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/dcwater.com\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/2022_CCR_FINAL_4.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>DC Water 2022 Annual Report<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e1554b1\" data-id=\"e1554b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8baaace elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8baaace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">District of Columbia drinking water is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dcwater.com\/waterquality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>drawn from<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the Potomac River.\u00a0<\/span>Because Washington, DC drinking water comes from the Potomac River, the water quality of the Potomac is essential to the quality of DC&#8217;s drinking water. Water is then treated at the Washington Aqueduct, which is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nab.usace.army.mil\/Missions\/Washington-Aqueduct\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>federally owned and operated<\/u><\/a>. DC Water is the utility <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dcwater.com\/what-we-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>responsible<\/u><\/a> for tap water distribution in the District of Columbia. It is also responsible for collecting and treating wastewater in DC and parts of Virginia and Maryland.\u00a0<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DC Water, the utility responsible for providing drinking water in DC, currently does not include testing for PFAS in its annual report on water quality. DC Water did not respond to the researchers\u2019 Freedom of Information requests regarding the utility\u2019s testing for PFAS in drinking water. With incredibly limited information on the quality of Washington, DC drinking water with respect to PFAS contamination, researchers conducted exploratory water testing. We detected PFAS in three different samples of drinking water across DC. According to the experts we spoke to, below are some of the sources of PFAS water contamination in the DC area.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d7d8e72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d7d8e72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3647437\" data-id=\"3647437\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a1ffb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a1ffb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Military Sites<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-806c4e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"806c4e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70c3da5\" data-id=\"70c3da5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b84de78 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b84de78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Military sites are a major source of PFAS water contamination. This is because <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2022\/jun\/06\/military-bases-contaminating-water-supply-pfas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>many<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> military sites use aqueous film-forming foam, or AFFF, a firefighting foam often used in training exercises and to extinguish fuel fires. There are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-18-700t.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>over 400<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> military sites that have been identified by the Department of Defense itself as either confirmed or suspected sources of PFAS water contamination. These sources have led to comparatively extreme levels of PFAS in on-base groundwater and water in the surrounding areas. And, as\u00a0<\/span>Brent Walls explained to us, &#8220;Everything&#8217;s connected to our rivers and streams through groundwater,&#8221; meaning contamination of groundwater, streams, and rivers can have implications for entire watersheds and the sources of drinking water within those watersheds.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f1d02e1\" data-id=\"f1d02e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c030be elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"5c030be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInRight&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\"I think military sites probably have the highest severity when it comes to an actual source besides manufacturers of the actual chemical itself.\"<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/brentwalls-e1681171075244-150x150.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail wp-image-137\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brent Walls <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Upper Potomac Riverkeeper<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-69eb6d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"69eb6d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c107a1\" data-id=\"0c107a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb2b5d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb2b5d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Industrial Sites<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-82f6801 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"82f6801\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9a0d2cf\" data-id=\"9a0d2cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a45553c\" data-id=\"a45553c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-79b026b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"79b026b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-family: Rosarivo, sans-serif\">The video below from Vox discusses the history of PFAS and their widespread contamination of waterways and drinking water.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a371e02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a371e02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d68cc2\" data-id=\"5d68cc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc4f6d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fc4f6d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Industrial sites are a clear source of PFAS contamination to water and drinking water. Many industrial manufacturers use per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the manufacturing process, particularly if their products have any sort of water, stain, or heat resistant component. Industrial sites discharge wastewater into bodies of water and water treatment plants, which can later lead to it entering drinking water.<\/p><p>Industrial manufacturing sites that use PFAS have been a notorious source of PFAS water contamination,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2022\/09\/13\/the-battle-over-who-pays-to-clean-up-chemicals-00056136\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>affecting<\/u><\/a>\u00a0the groundwater and drinking water of entire towns. Most famously, a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/legal\/litigation\/dupont-loses-challenge-over-cancer-victims-40-mln-verdict-pfas-case-2022-12-06\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>DuPont plant<\/u><\/a>\u00a0in Parkersburg, West Virginia discharged PFOA into waterways, affecting the town\u2019s drinking water supply. This was depicted in the popular 2019 movie Dark Waters, which followed the case against DuPont for the company&#8217;s exposure of Parkersburg residents to PFAS.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5196806\" data-id=\"5196806\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d84f735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"d84f735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/sZHuZkUUYM4&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-667128b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"667128b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90473c0\" data-id=\"90473c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76d59e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76d59e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Other Sources<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bb8af4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bb8af4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9d59d0\" data-id=\"d9d59d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-482fbdb elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"482fbdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInLeft&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\u201cWe also have sources of PFAS from actual products that people use\u2026 makeups, stain-resisting, laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, just about any of the products that we use have some form of a PFAS or GenX [chemical] in it, which then goes into our wastewater treatment plants.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/brentwalls-e1681171075244.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-137\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brent Walls<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Upper Potomac Riverkeeper<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ec78dac\" data-id=\"ec78dac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faf3475 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"faf3475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"background-color: transparent;font-size: 12pt\">Another major source of drinking water contamination can be wastewater treatment plants themselves. <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Almost all wastewater treatment plants <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecology.wa.gov\/Waste-Toxics\/Reducing-toxic-chemicals\/Addressing-priority-toxic-chemicals\/PFAS\/Wastewater#:~:text=Nearly%20all%20municipal%20wastewater%20treatment,technologies%20do%20not%20destroy%20PFAS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>have detectable levels<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> of PFAS in their outputs. This PFAS contamination largely comes from sources and processes that contaminate water before it enters treatment plants. PFAS enter treatment plants in the form of wastewater from industrial manufacturing and water mixed with consumer products containing PFAS. Water entering municipal wastewater treatment plants might be mixed with soaps, shampoos, cosmetics, and detergents containing PFAS before it goes down the drain and ultimately reaches treatment plants. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Where DC Drinking Water Comes From \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&#8221;.svg&#8221;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Sourced from DC Water 2022 Annual Report. District of Columbia drinking water is drawn from the Potomac River.\u00a0Because Washington, DC drinking water comes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":40,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-190","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/190","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=190"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/190\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":167,"date":"2023-04-11T18:02:04","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T18:02:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=167"},"modified":"2023-04-11T18:02:04","modified_gmt":"2023-04-11T18:02:04","slug":"sources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/sources\/","title":{"rendered":"sources"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-167","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/167","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=167"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/167\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=167"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":161,"date":"2023-04-11T17:33:07","date_gmt":"2023-04-11T17:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=161"},"modified":"2023-07-10T18:42:42","modified_gmt":"2023-07-10T18:42:42","slug":"home","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/","title":{"rendered":"Home"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"161\" class=\"elementor elementor-161\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21bdd79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"21bdd79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e26f9a\" data-id=\"0e26f9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2954b0 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b2954b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;2&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Rising Concern Surrounding PFAS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6813ac1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6813ac1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8c1de59\" data-id=\"8c1de59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66ad709 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66ad709\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;4&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Our research explores per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) or \u201cforever chemicals\u201d in Washington, DC drinking water. PFAS chemicals are widley recognized to be in\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ewg.org\/what-are-pfas-chemicals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>99% of all Americans<\/u><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, some researchers believing that they are in\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pfas\/pfas-explained#:~:text=Because%20of%20their%20widespread%20use,products%20and%20in%20the%20environment.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>virtually all living beings on<\/u><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pfas\/pfas-explained#:~:text=Because%20of%20their%20widespread%20use,products%20and%20in%20the%20environment.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u> Earth<\/u><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. While PFAS pollution has been an environmental and public health issue for decades, the issue of PFAS in drinking water has been widely under-studied and under-regulated. Discussions about PFAS in government, academic, and scientific circles are emerging and growing. This research takes an exploratory approach to examining PFAS in Washington, DC drinking water. We interviewed various experts for the project including activists, scientists, academics, and policymakers. We also conducted water tests for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in various sources of tap water across DC. Finally, we examined scholarly literature and journalistic sources. Our research enabled us to examine PFAS in social, regulatory, scientific, and public health contexts, exploring the extent to which PFAS pollution in drinking water is an environmental justice issue in Washington, DC.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e26ae15 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e26ae15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf4bf54\" data-id=\"cf4bf54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0792d1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0792d1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Minimalist-Timeline-Diagram-Concept-Map-1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-330\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Minimalist-Timeline-Diagram-Concept-Map-1-1.png 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Minimalist-Timeline-Diagram-Concept-Map-1-1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Minimalist-Timeline-Diagram-Concept-Map-1-1-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Minimalist-Timeline-Diagram-Concept-Map-1-1-750x563.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3252d49 animated-slow elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"3252d49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:&quot;12&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4d4e38\" data-id=\"c4d4e38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2b1b57 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f2b1b57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;2&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PFAS Representation in the Media <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d9f7ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"3d9f7ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=9W74aeuqsiU&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d45dc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d45dc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8cff323\" data-id=\"8cff323\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d22dde1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d22dde1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>John Oliver takes a deep dive into PFAS chemical pollution and its impact on human health.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3f9c52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3f9c52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-acbd511\" data-id=\"acbd511\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f5c0f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f5c0f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Last updated May, 2023<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.14.0 &#8211; 26-06-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} The Rising Concern Surrounding PFAS \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Our research explores per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) or \u201cforever chemicals\u201d in Washington, DC drinking water. PFAS chemicals are widley recognized to be in\u00a099% of all Americans, some researchers believing that they are in\u00a0virtually [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-161","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=161"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/161\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":23,"date":"2023-03-20T19:01:30","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T19:01:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=23"},"modified":"2023-04-28T17:52:29","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T17:52:29","slug":"how-it-differs-from-other-pollutants","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/what-are-pfas\/how-it-differs-from-other-pollutants\/","title":{"rendered":"How it Differs from Other Pollutants"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"23\" class=\"elementor elementor-23\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e36e46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e36e46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1322cd3\" data-id=\"1322cd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b342c03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b342c03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Regulatory Perspective<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a97f396 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a97f396\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6446cc8\" data-id=\"6446cc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fafb90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3fafb90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf73fa9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf73fa9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c23be70\" data-id=\"c23be70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13f5771 elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"13f5771\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\u201cI think PFAS in the 35 years I've been doing environmental policy is the most complex issue out there.\u201d \n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"304\" height=\"357\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/thumbnail_harper-pic-e1681171887223.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-139\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/thumbnail_harper-pic-e1681171887223.png 304w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/thumbnail_harper-pic-e1681171887223-255x300.png 255w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Steve Harper<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Former Global Director of Environment, Energy, and Sustainability Policy at Intel Corporation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-84e1946 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"84e1946\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d2a9656\" data-id=\"d2a9656\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc6aa6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cc6aa6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-314dbe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"314dbe5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-34774f7\" data-id=\"34774f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43980e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"43980e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7081\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7081\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Essential vs. Non-Essential Uses<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7081\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7081\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PFAS chemicals can be especially difficult to regulate, not only because there are so many different classes of chemicals, but there are also a wide variety of uses, some of which are necessary for modern technology to function or medical purposes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, according to\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Steve Harper<\/u><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>,<\/u> PFAS chemicals are used in the production of semiconductors, which are a crucial component of electronic chips used for devices such as cell-phones. In addition, PFAS are often used for medical research or in implantable medical devices, due to their stability. Therefore, banning PFAS without an existing chemical substitute creates a barrier to access and produce these goods.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regardless, there are a number of areas where PFAS do not need to be used, such as in cosmetic products, food packaging, or firefighting foam.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lead, which has had a similar impact on human health and the environment to PFAS, had substitutes for the products it was being used in, such as paint or piping. With PFAS, it is much more complicated to encounter and create chemical replacements for the products it is used in, because they require the same level of unique chemical stability that PFAS has.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7082\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7082\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why is PFAS challenging to regulate compared to other pollutants? <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7082\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7082\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Steve Harper<\/u><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, &#8220;PFAS is a huge set of related chemicals. Estimates vary but there may be as many as 14,000 varieties of PFAS that have been developed. However, there probably are fewer than a thousand PFASs in current commerce. What they all have in common is fluorine-carbon bonds; where they vary, principally, is in how many of those bonds they contain.&#8221;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In other words, it is very easy for chemical companies to continue using PFAS. When one is banned, a switch to another class or version can be made. Furthermore, PFAS are very easy to create which is why there are so many, and hard to find substitutes.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7083\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7083\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">What makes PFAS harder to eliminate than other pollutants?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7083\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7083\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Fluorine-carbon bond is very stable, making it harder to exterminate. Also, since it is a man-made bond and very easy to manipulate by creating a long C8 chain or a short C4 chain, there are several varieties and subclasses that can continuously be made and evade the regulations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In addition, since it is difficult to keep up with new studies regarding each and every form of PFAS, as new forms arise, the health issues are going to be harder to address.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many PFAS are resistant to heat, water, and oil, and these same properties are due to the stable chemical composition.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f7864 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f7864\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9a68aa4\" data-id=\"9a68aa4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81a7c99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"81a7c99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a67f46a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a67f46a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d78406\" data-id=\"5d78406\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8131d20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8131d20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The PFAS Cycle<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-07f0651 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"07f0651\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02ae0e1\" data-id=\"02ae0e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0498dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f0498dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/egle\/about\/organization\/water-resources\/industrial-pretreatment\/pfas-initiative\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1855\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-372\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate.jpeg 2400w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate-300x232.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate-1024x791.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate-768x594.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate-1536x1187.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate-2048x1583.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate-750x580.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/pfas-class-action-lawsuit-where-does-pfas-contamination-originate-1100x850.jpeg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">A diagram explaining the PFAS cycle. (Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc44f86\" data-id=\"dc44f86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb884d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"cb884d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\u201cWe have PFAS products from the manufacturer [that go to] residential or industrial use. PFAS gets leached out of those products into our waste stream [which] goes into our rivers. Those rivers go into our groundwater, and we put PFAS in the land through biosolids\u2026 And then we pull water up from the ground for drinking, we pull water out of the rivers for drinking, and it just continues a cycle of impacting our bodies in our environment.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/brentwalls-e1681171075244.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-137\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brent Walls<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Upper Potomac Riverkeeper<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Regulatory Perspective \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;spacer-size)}.e-con{&#8211;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&#8211;container-widget-width,var(&#8211;spacer-size));&#8211;align-self:var(&#8211;container-widget-align-self,initial);&#8211;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;container-widget-height,var(&#8211;spacer-size))} \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-testimonial-wrapper{overflow:hidden;text-align:center}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-content{font-size:1.3em;margin-bottom:20px}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-name{line-height:1.5;display:block}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-job{font-size:.85em;display:block}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta{width:100%;line-height:1}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta-inner{display:inline-block}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta .elementor-testimonial-details,.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta .elementor-testimonial-image{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta .elementor-testimonial-image img{width:60px;height:60px;border-radius:50%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;max-width:none}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":48,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-23","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":24,"date":"2023-03-20T19:00:49","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T19:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=24"},"modified":"2023-04-28T18:07:23","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T18:07:23","slug":"common-uses-of-pfas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/what-are-pfas\/common-uses-of-pfas\/","title":{"rendered":"Common Uses of PFAS"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"24\" class=\"elementor elementor-24\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfdcda0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfdcda0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a86ac27\" data-id=\"a86ac27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b96da6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b96da6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Consumer Products Containing PFAS<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7006eeb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7006eeb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f3f090\" data-id=\"2f3f090\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6516b93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6516b93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Many consumer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/health-effects\/overview.html#:~:text=PFAS%20are%20man%2Dmade%20chemicals,grease%2C%20water%2C%20and%20oil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>products<\/u><\/a> that are resistant to water, grease, and oil are made with Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Common consumer products containing PFAS <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ewg.org\/what-are-pfas-chemicals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>include<\/u><\/a> nonstick cookware, firefighting foams, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ewg.org\/research\/many-fast-food-wrappers-still-coated-pfcs-kin-carcinogenic-teflon-chemical\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>food wrappers<\/u><\/a>, an array of <a href=\"https:\/\/greensciencepolicy.org\/pfas-in-cosmetics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>cosmetics<\/u><\/a>, medications, water-repellent clothing, and stain resistant materials.\u00a0<\/p><p>People can be exposed through consumer products, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/agents\/pfc\/index.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>soil, food, water, and air<\/u><\/a> containing PFAS. While PFAS are used to manufacture many consumer products, exposure is not necessarily a huge concern once the manufacturing process is complete for many products. However, food packaging and wrappers are likely of concern because there is potential for ingestion of chemical residues. This is the case for other products that might facilitate ingestion of PFAS, such as lipsticks. Additionally, food grown in PFAS-contaminated soil or treated with pesticides containing PFAS might pose more acute health risks.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-350844d\" data-id=\"350844d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99a2e96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"99a2e96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\"I don't think we know the extent of... what contains PFAS and the damages that it is doing to us.\" <\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"216\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/Screen-Shot-2023-03-28-at-2.19.14-PM-e1681227217961.png\" class=\"attachment-portfolio-thumb size-portfolio-thumb wp-image-90\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/Screen-Shot-2023-03-28-at-2.19.14-PM-e1681227217961.png 947w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/Screen-Shot-2023-03-28-at-2.19.14-PM-e1681227217961-257x300.png 257w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/Screen-Shot-2023-03-28-at-2.19.14-PM-e1681227217961-876x1024.png 876w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/Screen-Shot-2023-03-28-at-2.19.14-PM-e1681227217961-768x898.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sara Love<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Maryland State Delegate<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2a89e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d2a89e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7a35b5\" data-id=\"e7a35b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd35f4a elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"bd35f4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Image Carousel\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper swiper-image-stretch\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 5\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/pexels-pixabay-47863-scaled-e1680098727692.jpg\" alt=\"Aqueous film-forming foam, or AFFF, is one product containing high levels of PFAS. AFFF is used to put out fuel fires, such as fires from jet fuel, and as a result is often used at airports and military sites. AFFF has been a major source of PFAS groundwater contamination because it has been used frequently in training exercises and has been allowed to seep into groundwater.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Aqueous film-forming foam, or AFFF, is one product containing high levels of PFAS. AFFF is used to put out fuel fires, such as fires from jet fuel, and as a result is often used at airports and military sites. AFFF has been a major source of PFAS groundwater contamination because it has been used frequently in training exercises and has been allowed to seep into groundwater.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 of 5\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/pexels-amina-filkins-5424590-scaled-e1680098762581.jpg\" alt=\"PFAS have been used to manufacture non-stick pans since the 1950s. They\u2019ve been used most notoriously in Dupont\u2019s Teflon pans. They are still used to manufacture non-stick pans today, leading to possible exposure of consumers.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">PFAS have been used to manufacture non-stick pans since the 1950s. They\u2019ve been used most notoriously in Dupont\u2019s Teflon pans. They are still used to manufacture non-stick pans today, leading to possible exposure of consumers. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 of 5\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/pexels-vincent-rivaud-2233351-scaled-e1680099572988.jpg\" alt=\"PFAS are used in a variety of food packaging and food wrappers. They have been found in wrappers from major fast food chains and are known to transfer from food packaging into food itself.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">PFAS are used in a variety of food packaging and food wrappers. They have been found in wrappers from major fast food chains and are known to transfer from food packaging into food itself. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 of 5\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/lipstick-g7ecf9c42b_1920-e1680136046997.jpg\" alt=\"PFAS are present in an array of cosmetic and hygiene products. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are found in makeup products including lipstick, eyeshadow, and mascara and in personal care products including shampoo, sunscreen, and dental floss.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">PFAS are present in an array of cosmetic and hygiene products. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances are found in makeup products including lipstick, eyeshadow, and mascara and in personal care products including shampoo, sunscreen, and dental floss.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"5 of 5\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/pexels-matt-hardy-2569819-2-scaled-e1680144976812.jpg\" alt=\"PFAS are also used in a variety of water, grease, and stain resistant products. They are used to manufacture raincoats, rugs, and waterproof clothing.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\"> PFAS are also used in a variety of water, grease, and stain resistant products. They are used to manufacture raincoats, rugs, and waterproof clothing. <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb2eb0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eb2eb0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2df4138\" data-id=\"2df4138\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9dfddf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a9dfddf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PFAS in Drinking Water <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-680fa90 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"680fa90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a935b61\" data-id=\"a935b61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483b19c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483b19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While there are many ways that people can be exposed to PFAS, this research focuses specifically on exposure through drinking water. Over <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00713\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>200 million people<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in the United States are exposed to significant levels of PFAS in their tap water and there are <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ewg.org\/interactive-maps\/pfas_contamination\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>2,858<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> sites of known PFAS water contamination across all U.S. 50 states and two territories. While this research focuses on exposure through drinking water, eliminating PFAS in consumer, industrial, and military products and processes can ultimately lead to reduced amounts of PFAS reaching waterways and leaching into groundwater.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Consumer Products Containing PFAS Many consumer products that are resistant to water, grease, and oil are made with Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Common consumer products containing PFAS include nonstick cookware, firefighting foams, food wrappers, an array of cosmetics, medications, water-repellent [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":48,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":25,"date":"2023-03-20T18:59:27","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T18:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=25"},"modified":"2023-04-29T07:00:04","modified_gmt":"2023-04-29T07:00:04","slug":"chemical-composition","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/what-are-pfas\/chemical-composition\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemical Composition"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"25\" class=\"elementor elementor-25\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7779d3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7779d3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e889ce\" data-id=\"0e889ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a3ab19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a3ab19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances are....<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5afd266 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5afd266\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79a2796\" data-id=\"79a2796\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28def71 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"28def71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mansfieldma.com\/537\/PFAS-Information\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"666\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Chemical.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-214\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Chemical.png 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Chemical-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Chemical-768x500.png 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Chemical-750x488.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b06eb3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b06eb3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\">Chemical Composition of Perfluorooctanic Acid (PFOA)\u00a0<span class=\"s1\">Source from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/communitiesu.org\/blog\/2022\/07\/27\/pfas-the-forever-chemical-problem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s2\"><u>Communities Unlimited<\/u><\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b68efd7\" data-id=\"b68efd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ef0884 elementor-widget__width-inherit animated-slow elementor-absolute elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"1ef0884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;_position&quot;:&quot;absolute&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">A man-made chemical family which include more than 9,000 combinations of the same Carbon-Fluorine bond.<br><br>The Carbon-Fluorine bond has fluorine (high electronegativity) atoms linked to various chains of carbon atoms, and that bond is considered unbreakable (surfactant-like and bioaccumulative).<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-460c17a elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"460c17a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4011513\" data-id=\"4011513\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40ddd2b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"40ddd2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c2b7169 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c2b7169\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f780a31\" data-id=\"f780a31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55af125 animated-slow elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"55af125\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeInUp&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;4&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\"Fluorinated substances have proliferated in commerce because fluorine has some magical properties.  Its non-reactivity is key to its usefulness in a vast array of product and process applications. Unfortunately, that very property translates into a stability that means fluorinated chemicals persist in the environment for a very long time. In other words, the very property that makes fluorine valuable in commerce makes it problematic in the environment.\"\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"304\" height=\"357\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/thumbnail_harper-pic-e1681171887223.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-139\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/thumbnail_harper-pic-e1681171887223.png 304w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/thumbnail_harper-pic-e1681171887223-255x300.png 255w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 304px) 100vw, 304px\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Steve Harper<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Former Global Director of Environment, Energy, and Sustainability Policy at Intel Corporation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c4c3b94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c4c3b94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfbbb18\" data-id=\"dfbbb18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-459b023 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"459b023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f51d148 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f51d148\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ae22eb\" data-id=\"2ae22eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9c8328 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d9c8328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PFAS Family Tree <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47c5fa1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47c5fa1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dfce5c2\" data-id=\"dfce5c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6ba716 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f6ba716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"1356\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-26-at-9.10.02-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-334\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-26-at-9.10.02-PM.png 722w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-26-at-9.10.02-PM-160x300.png 160w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-26-at-9.10.02-PM-545x1024.png 545w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16a1ffc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16a1ffc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6343433\" data-id=\"6343433\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb85046 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb85046\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Source from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pfas-1.itrcweb.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"s2\"><u>Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC)<\/u><\/span><\/a><\/span><span class=\"s3\">.<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p2\">PFAS is considered a family of chemicals, which then are divided into class, then subclass, groups, and then subgroups. The bio-accumulative PFAS in our bodies and the environment are in the Nonpolymers class. There are the C8 long chain PFAS, the C6 semi-long chain PFAS, and also the C4 short chain PFAS.<\/p><p>Perfluoroalkyl &#8211; Alkyl straight-chain carbon backbone is fully fluorinated (All hydrogens replaced with fluorine)<br \/>Polyfluoroalkyl &#8211; Somewhat fluorinated (Firefighting foams)<\/p><p>The PFAAs group includes the well known PFOA and PFOS forms of PFAS. GenX chemicals are part of PFECAs, with one being ammonium salt and they were made as a replacement of PFOA and PFOS.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p2\">With more compositions of PFAS being created, it is becoming harder and harder to control.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b236ab2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b236ab2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-722a465\" data-id=\"722a465\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances are&#8230;. \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&#8221;.svg&#8221;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Chemical Composition of Perfluorooctanic Acid (PFOA)\u00a0Source from\u00a0Communities Unlimited. \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:right;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:left;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":48,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-25","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":48,"date":"2023-03-20T18:58:17","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T18:58:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=48"},"modified":"2023-03-20T18:58:17","modified_gmt":"2023-03-20T18:58:17","slug":"what-are-pfas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/what-are-pfas\/","title":{"rendered":"What are PFAS?"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-48","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":47,"date":"2023-03-20T18:56:51","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T18:56:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=47"},"modified":"2023-04-28T18:11:46","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T18:11:46","slug":"social-impact","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/impact\/social-impact\/","title":{"rendered":"Regulatory Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"47\" class=\"elementor elementor-47\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16715626 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16715626\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2dc1470b\" data-id=\"2dc1470b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-78c9782 elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"78c9782\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bbce9d\" data-id=\"5bbce9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2467bd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"2467bd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3811\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Who have been the stakeholders in PFAS environmental policies and regulations? <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3811\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3811\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Firefighters<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental groups\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Factory employees for manufacturers that produce PFAS products\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plastics companies\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PFAS chemical manufacturers<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PFAS product manufacturers\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Agricultural workers<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Public health experts<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">US Military<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPA\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lawmakers\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3812\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3812\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Who are the groups of people advocating for PFAS regulation? <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3812\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3812\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental groups such as the\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ewg.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Environmental Working Group<\/u><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nrdc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>National Resource Defense Council<\/u><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/elpc.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Law and Policy Center<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Workers that have been exposed to the chemicals in factories, as firefighters, in airports, on farmland etc. Citizens whose homes and towns have been polluted by PFAS chemicals.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3813\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3813\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3813\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3813\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">On March 14th, 2023, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), announced a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for six PFAS chemicals<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA, commonly known as GenX Chemicals), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS). Essentially, this regulation means that the EPA is proposing a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for PFAS chemicals in drinking water, meaning that there may be new legislation regarding the amount of PFAS chemicals allowed in US drinking water.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3814\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3814\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">PFAS Strategic Roadmap<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3814\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3814\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Biden-Harris administration in partnership with the EPA Administrator Michael S. Regan, announced their <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pfas\/pfas-strategic-roadmap-epas-commitments-action-2021-2024\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>PFAS Strategic Roadmap<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, which essentially sets guidelines for how the EPA will address PFAS in policies to \u201csafeguard public health, protect the environment, and hold polluters accountable.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3815\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3815\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3815\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3815\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/laws-regulations\/summary-toxic-substances-control-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>TSCA<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is an EPA regulation that allows the organization to authorize and require reporting, record-keeping, testing requirements and restrictions related to certain chemicals, essentially responding to how toxic chemicals are produced, used, and disposed of.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The EPA has issued certain regulations for PFAS under TSCA such as PFAS production companies being required to report use of PFAS chemicals in certain products like carpets.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><u>Johanna Adashek<\/u><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Visiting Associate Professor and Environmental Law Fellow at the George Washington Law School, these regulations have been rather ineffective.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p class=\"p1\">\u201cIt seems like EPA is using a sector by sector approach. They\u2019re mainly using 4 or 5 of the Federal Laws to regulate PFAS. Under TSCA, they\u2019re mostly studying PFAS. TSCA historically wasn\u2019t very effective because the EPA is supposed to approve new chemicals. But in the past, if the EPA didn\u2019t take action after 90 days, then boom [companies could] use any chemical. Now [with the] amendments in 2016, that is not the case anymore. So EPA will now be able to take more time and regulate new PFAS or new uses of existing PFAS under TSCA, but that doesn\u2019t really help if a lot of them have already been approved for a while, and are just going to be used the same way.\u201d\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1f774d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a1f774d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f69455e elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"f69455e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\u201cThe federal level just takes so long to do anything\u2026 [The] EPA has known about the toxicity of PFAS since the 1960s\u2026 but they sat on it for a very, long time\u2026 it's our job to try and push the states to do more. So that's why we get involved in legislation. That's why we collect samples, do research, submit those samples to the state and keep knocking on their door and pushing them to do more and more.\u201d<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/brentwalls-e1681171075244.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-137\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Brent Walls<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Upper Potomac Riverkeeper<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed41bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ed41bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d297c13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d297c13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21084a2\" data-id=\"21084a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-879a2ec animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"879a2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=i&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt9071322%2F&#038;psig=AOvVaw3YjSeNBiuSC8xL0UarpluH&#038;ust=1682650927916000&#038;source=images&#038;cd=vfe&#038;ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCKCNjqmJyf4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAQ\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-244\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/darkwaterschem-1100x825.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ac3db36\" data-id=\"ac3db36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104b8ab animated-slow elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"104b8ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"516\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-1024x705.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-238\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-1024x705.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-300x207.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-768x529.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-1536x1058.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-2048x1411.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-750x517.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/PFASprotest-1100x758.jpeg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-17326e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"17326e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-61e6597\" data-id=\"61e6597\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9100e76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9100e76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium elementor-inline-editing pen\" style=\"font-family: Rosarivo, sans-serif;line-height: 24px;color: var( --e-global-color-6c7c7df );font-size: 16px;font-weight: 400;text-align: center\" data-elementor-setting-key=\"title\" data-pen-placeholder=\"Type Here...\">Mark Ruffalo playing Robert Bilott in the award-winning movie Dark Waters. Bilott was the lawyer who led the case against DuPont for PFOA contamination from their manufacturing plant in Parkersburg, West Virginia (Sourced from <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chemtrust.org\/dark-waters-film-pfas\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ChemTrust<\/a><\/span>).<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-450ea5c\" data-id=\"450ea5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-220121d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"220121d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium elementor-inline-editing pen\" style=\"font-family: Rosarivo, sans-serif;line-height: 20px;color: var( --e-global-color-6c7c7df );font-size: 16px;font-weight: 400;text-align: center\" data-elementor-setting-key=\"title\" data-pen-placeholder=\"Type Here...\">Protesters taking a stand against PFAS (Sourced from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2022\/09\/13\/the-battle-over-who-pays-to-clean-up-chemicals-00056136\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Politico<\/span><\/a>).<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-toggle{text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{font-weight:700;line-height:1;margin:0;padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;cursor:pointer;outline:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon{display:inline-block;width:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon svg{-webkit-margin-start:-5px;margin-inline-start:-5px;width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-right{float:right;text-align:right}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon.elementor-toggle-icon-left{float:left;text-align:left}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title .elementor-toggle-icon .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active{border-bottom:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-closed{display:none}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title.elementor-active .elementor-toggle-icon-opened{display:block}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #d5d8dc;display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-title{padding:12px}.elementor-toggle .elementor-tab-content{padding:12px 10px}}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-toggle,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-toggle{width:var(&#8211;container-widget-width);&#8211;flex-grow:var(&#8211;container-widget-flex-grow)} Who have been the stakeholders in PFAS environmental policies and regulations? Firefighters Environmental groups\u00a0 Factory employees for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":44,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-47","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":46,"date":"2023-03-20T18:56:30","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T18:56:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/?page_id=46"},"modified":"2023-04-28T17:54:17","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T17:54:17","slug":"health-impact","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/impact\/health-impact\/","title":{"rendered":"Health Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"46\" class=\"elementor elementor-46\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-400bd9e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"400bd9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30a09e9\" data-id=\"30a09e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cdcf79 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cdcf79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Potential Health Impact Links to PFAS (Dependent on exposure and factors of individuals) <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a29b7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4a29b7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ab2a658\" data-id=\"ab2a658\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1aaf8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d1aaf8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5002764 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5002764\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5fae2f\" data-id=\"a5fae2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cfe150 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5cfe150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7906952\/figure\/F1\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1506\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-224\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects.jpeg 1920w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects-300x235.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects-1024x803.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects-768x602.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects-1536x1205.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects-750x588.jpeg 750w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/04\/Health-effects-1100x863.jpeg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e3204e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3e3204e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on Human Health<\/h4><p>Sourced from\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7906952\/figure\/F1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Library of Medicine<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d119f30\" data-id=\"d119f30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-295d1d2 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"295d1d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4331\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4331\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Cancers<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4331\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4331\"><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Increases risk of cancer, but still yet to be proven as a carcinogen.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; European Food Safety Authority <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">(<a class=\" bibr popnode\" role=\"button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7906952\/#R71\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain 2020<\/a>)<\/span>\u00a0believes that there is not adequate evidence for a link between exposure to PFAS and cancer risk in humans.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; The C8 Science Panel detected longitudinal evidence for increased testicular cancer risk (1.35, 95% CI 1.00\u20131.79) for cumulative PFOA exposure.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4332\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4332\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Immune Function<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4332\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4332\"><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Overall, the available data provides strong evidence that PFAS exposure can suppress the human immune response.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Less antibody regeneration, often causing less vaccine efficacy.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Predominantly immunosuppressive, causing reduction in antibodies and spleen weight.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4333\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4333\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Thyroid Function<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4333\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4333\"><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Probable link of PFOA exposure to thyroid disease, altering human thyroid hormones.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Human thyroid disease is 5 to 10 times more prevalent in women than men.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Hypothyroid disease is linked in both sexes.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4334\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4334\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Reproductive and Developmental Outcomes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4334\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4334\"><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Supported relationship between utero exposure to PFOA and PFOS and reduced fetal growth in animals and humans.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Exposure to PFOA impairs human sperm motility and sperm penetration into viscous media and is longitudinally associated with lower sperm concentration and count and higher adjusted levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones in young men.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4335\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4335\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">High Cholesterol<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4335\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4335\"><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest PFAS leads to high cholesterol levels in adults and children.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; A review of population and toxicity data concluded that dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids) is the strongest metabolic outcome of PFAS exposure.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4336\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4336\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Kidney disease<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4336\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4336\"><p class=\"p1\">&#8211;\u00a0Some reviews of the available epidemiological and toxicological evidence suggest causative links between PFAS and diminished kidney function and chronic kidney disease.<\/p><p class=\"p1\">&#8211; Evidence is accumulating for PFAS as a cause of chronic disease and kidney cancer. Study designs must consider the peculiar PFAS excretion mechanics involved in and associated with kidney disease.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e91cdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4e91cdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All information provided by this study:\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7906952\/#S7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a62d43c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a62d43c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4291600\" data-id=\"4291600\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11eed75 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11eed75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pr-md-0 col-md-3\" style=\"width: 84.5781px;padding-left: 15px;flex: 0 0 25%;max-width: 25%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top card-img-bottom img-fluid p-0 bg-transparent rounded-0\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;flex-shrink: 0;width: 69.5781px;background-color: transparent !important\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/images\/icons\/heart.png?_=62403\" alt=\"Heart\" \/><\/div><div class=\"col\" style=\"width: 253.75px;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;flex-basis: 0px;flex-grow: 1;min-width: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">Increased cholesterol levels<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f186b62\" data-id=\"f186b62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afa0d90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"afa0d90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pr-md-0 col-md-3\" style=\"width: 84.5781px;padding-left: 15px;flex: 0 0 25%;max-width: 25%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top card-img-bottom img-fluid p-0 bg-transparent rounded-0\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;flex-shrink: 0;width: 69.5781px;background-color: transparent !important\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/images\/icons\/icon-2-1.png?_=68372\" alt=\"Liver\" \/><\/div><div class=\"col\" style=\"width: 253.75px;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;flex-basis: 0px;flex-grow: 1;min-width: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">Changes in liver enzymes<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92f0f15\" data-id=\"92f0f15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9a6696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9a6696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pr-md-0 col-md-3\" style=\"width: 84.5781px;padding-left: 15px;flex: 0 0 25%;max-width: 25%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top card-img-bottom img-fluid p-0 bg-transparent rounded-0\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;flex-shrink: 0;width: 69.5781px;background-color: transparent !important\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/images\/icons\/icon-2-2.png?_=68374\" alt=\"Infant birth weights\" \/><\/div><div class=\"col\" style=\"width: 253.75px;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;flex-basis: 0px;flex-grow: 1;min-width: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">Small decreases in infant birth weights<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0da940c\" data-id=\"0da940c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d59937 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d59937\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pr-md-0 col-md-3\" style=\"width: 84.5781px;padding-left: 15px;flex: 0 0 25%;max-width: 25%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top card-img-bottom img-fluid p-0 bg-transparent rounded-0\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;flex-shrink: 0;width: 69.5781px;background-color: transparent !important\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/images\/icons\/icon-2-4.png?_=68377\" alt=\"Vaccine\" \/><\/div><div class=\"col\" style=\"width: 253.75px;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;flex-basis: 0px;flex-grow: 1;min-width: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">Decreased vaccine response in children<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ef3996\" data-id=\"8ef3996\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f0af4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f0af4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pr-md-0 col-md-3\" style=\"width: 84.5781px;padding-left: 15px;flex: 0 0 25%;max-width: 25%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top card-img-bottom img-fluid p-0 bg-transparent rounded-0\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;flex-shrink: 0;width: 69.5781px;background-color: transparent !important\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/images\/icons\/icon-2-3.png?_=68376\" alt=\" Infant birth weights\" \/><\/div><div class=\"col\" style=\"width: 253.75px;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;flex-basis: 0px;flex-grow: 1;min-width: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">Increased risk of high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia in pregnant women<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-16 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0658b\" data-id=\"ee0658b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee93cb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee93cb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pr-md-0 col-md-3\" style=\"width: 84.5781px;padding-left: 15px;flex: 0 0 25%;max-width: 25%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"card-img-top card-img-bottom img-fluid p-0 bg-transparent rounded-0\" style=\"vertical-align: middle;flex-shrink: 0;width: 69.5781px;background-color: transparent !important\" src=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/images\/icons\/cancer-ribbon.png?_=62404\" alt=\"Cancer ribbon\" \/><\/div><div class=\"col\" style=\"width: 253.75px;padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;flex-basis: 0px;flex-grow: 1;min-width: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: #000000;font-family: 'Open Sans', apple-system, blinkmacsystemfont, 'Segoe UI', 'Helvetica Neue', arial, sans-serif;font-size: 17px\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 0px\">Increased risk of kidney or testicular cancer<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2a486ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2a486ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5841e59\" data-id=\"5841e59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3413c9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3413c9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>All information provided by this source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/health-effects\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry<\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be83bc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"be83bc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-00ed736\" data-id=\"00ed736\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1504153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1504153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Local News on Strongest Linked PFAS Health Effects <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5ecbdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5ecbdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-831b9e6\" data-id=\"831b9e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bffdfa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bffdfa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pediatrician Dr. Soren Johnson on the Local WECT News 6 discussing the strongest linked PFAS Health Effects on March 23rd, 2023.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-84dff6e animated-slow elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"84dff6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;animation_delay&quot;:&quot;200&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d8cb630\" data-id=\"d8cb630\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8175612 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"8175612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=lwhdv16NBxI&quot;,&quot;start&quot;:&quot;75&quot;,&quot;end&quot;:&quot;151&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-68f8d77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"68f8d77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0e5a23\" data-id=\"c0e5a23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0e1e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"e0e1e91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">\u201c[PFAS] stay around for a long time\u2026 they exert their effects on the environment and on the people that are exposed to them essentially forever. These are chemicals that have a substantial toxicity spectrum on people including, for example on the reproductive system, development, cancer\u2026 The fact that they don't go away\u2026exacerbates the problem.\u201d <\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/stefano-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-93\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/stefano-1.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2222\/2023\/03\/stefano-1-150x150.jpeg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Stefano Costanzi<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-testimonial-job\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/pfaswasingtondc\/about-us\/contributions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Professor of Chemistry at American University<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-863f5b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"863f5b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-49926b2\" data-id=\"49926b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Potential Health Impact Links to PFAS (Dependent on exposure and factors of individuals) \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;spacer-size)}.e-con{&#8211;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&#8211;container-widget-width,var(&#8211;spacer-size));&#8211;align-self:var(&#8211;container-widget-align-self,initial);&#8211;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;container-widget-height,var(&#8211;spacer-size))} \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&#8221;.svg&#8221;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Effects of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances on [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4025,"featured_media":0,"parent":44,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-46","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4025"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/ag7965a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]