[{"id":239,"date":"2023-02-24T19:08:14","date_gmt":"2023-02-24T19:08:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=239"},"modified":"2023-09-15T20:50:58","modified_gmt":"2023-09-15T20:50:58","slug":"cover","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/","title":{"rendered":"Splash page"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"239\" class=\"elementor elementor-239\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-04f6d2e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-full elementor-section-items-stretch elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"04f6d2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b7c6e2\" data-id=\"1b7c6e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f21e676 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f21e676\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-66 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc82ed5\" data-id=\"dc82ed5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-787c34c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"787c34c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Boundaries of Femininity: Crossdressed Women in Modern Japanese Visual Culture<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-845079c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"845079c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-lg\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/menu\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Enter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e811b0\" data-id=\"9e811b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.16.0 &#8211; 14-09-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Boundaries of Femininity: Crossdressed Women in Modern Japanese Visual Culture Enter<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-239","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=239"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/239\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":207,"date":"2023-02-21T04:26:24","date_gmt":"2023-02-21T04:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=207"},"modified":"2023-05-08T18:43:24","modified_gmt":"2023-05-08T18:43:24","slug":"menu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/menu\/","title":{"rendered":"Menu"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"207\" class=\"elementor elementor-207\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-44c0530 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"44c0530\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae48221\" data-id=\"ae48221\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2a85c75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2a85c75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-560a7f3\" data-id=\"560a7f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f741e0f\" data-id=\"f741e0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e3ad6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e3ad6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Boundaries of Femininity:<\/h1><h2>Crossdressed Women in modern Japanese visual culture\u00a0<\/h2><p>Hannah Nanette Karkari<\/p><div>\u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a00653f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a00653f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e542be\" data-id=\"3e542be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f685f8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f685f8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ff8b207 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ff8b207\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c86f6d4\" data-id=\"c86f6d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59bd3f4 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"59bd3f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6.png\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-full size-full wp-image-261\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6.png 500w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6-120x120.png 120w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/6-450x450.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/\">Introduction<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c0b8638\" data-id=\"c0b8638\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e59c101 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"e59c101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/geishas-gender-play\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5.png\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-extra_large size-extra_large wp-image-260\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5.png 500w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5-120x120.png 120w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/5-450x450.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/geishas-gender-play\/\">Geisha's Gender Play<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58b77f4\" data-id=\"58b77f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5906f0e elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5906f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/becoming-modern\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3.png\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-full size-full wp-image-258\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3.png 500w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3-120x120.png 120w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/3-450x450.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/becoming-modern\/\">Becoming Modern<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-020e14e\" data-id=\"020e14e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49a4ab elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"f49a4ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/takarazuka\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4.png\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-full size-full wp-image-259\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4.png 500w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4-120x120.png 120w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/4-450x450.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/takarazuka\/\">The Takarazuka Revue<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-20 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b77e81\" data-id=\"6b77e81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b005d4d elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"b005d4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1.png\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-full size-full wp-image-256\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1.png 500w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1-80x80.png 80w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1-36x36.png 36w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1-180x180.png 180w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1-120x120.png 120w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/03\/1-450x450.png 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/\">Conclusion<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2e72b4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2e72b4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40ebd40\" data-id=\"40ebd40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3df848c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3df848c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Master\u2019s Capstone Project submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Art History. 2023, American University, Washington DC.<\/p><p>Chair: Ying-chen Peng<\/p><p>Reader: Andrew Wasserman<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9f242a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9f242a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9caa2be\" data-id=\"9caa2be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-612ae20 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"612ae20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Acknowledgements<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">How to Cite this Project<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Disclaimer and Fair Use Statement<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Acknowledgements<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1011\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I would first like to thank my advisor, Dr. Ying-chen Peng, who patiently guided me through the thesis process and provided helpful critique, advice, and encouragement. She stuck with me through my most difficult weeks and has genuinely made me a better, more productive scholar. I also want to thank my second reader, Dr. Andrew Wasserman, for all his feedback on this project. He pushed me to consider new avenues and how best to structure and approach the issues present in this capstone. Also, a big thank you goes to Dr. Joanne Allen and my classmates in my thesis and research seminars. The collaborative atmosphere Dr. Allen cultivated allowed me to explore new ideas and get feedback from my peers, so I am endlessly grateful.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A thank you is also in order for all the professors I have worked with and the classes I took with them. My time at American University has not only allowed me to produce this capstone but also gave me the opportunity to expand my knowledge of art. Along with my professors and peers, I want to thank my coworkers at both the American University Archives and Special collections and in Engagement and Visitor Experience\u00a0 at the National Museum of Asian Art. They provided me with endless support and energy as I balanced work and school.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Finally, I want to thank my family and friends, who were always there to lend an ear or be a shoulder to cry on. I would not have been able to get through with out their love and support. Thank you!<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">How to Cite this Project<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1012\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p>Hannah Karkari, \u201cBoundaries of Femininity: Crossdressed Women in Modern Japanese Visual Culture,\u201d Master\u2019s Capstone Project, American University, 2023.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Disclaimer and Fair Use Statement<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1013\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><p><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">This website, consisting of the capstone pro<\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">ject by Hannah Karkari for her Master\u2019s in Art <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">History at American University (Washington, DC), may contain copyrighted material, the use of <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">which<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">may<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">not<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">have<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">been<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">specifically<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">authorized<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">by<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">the<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">copyright<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">owner.<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">The<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">material<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">contained<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">in <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">this website is <\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">distributed without profit for research and educational purposes.<\/span> <br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">This<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">should<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">constitute<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">a<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u2018fair<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">use\u2019 of<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">any<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">such<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">copyrighted<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">material<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">(referenced<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">and<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">provided<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">for<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">in <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">section 107 of the US Copyright Law).<\/span> <br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">If<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">you<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">wish<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">to<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">use<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">any<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">copyrighted<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">material<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">from<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">this<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">site<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">for purposes<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">of your<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">own<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">that<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">go<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">beyond <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">\u2018fair use,\u2019 you must obtain expressed permission from the copyright owner.<\/span> <br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Fair<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Use<\/span> <br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">for \u201cfair <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">use\u201d<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">for<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">purposes<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">such<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">as<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">criticism,<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">comment,<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">news<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">reporting,<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">teaching,<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">scholarship,<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">education,<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">and <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">research.<\/span> <br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Fair<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">use<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">is<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">a<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">use<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">permitted<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">by<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">copyright<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">statute<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">that<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">might otherwise<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">be<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">infringing.<\/span> <br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Fair<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Use<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Definition<\/span> <br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">Fair use is a doctrine in United <\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">without<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">requiring<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">permission<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">from<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">the<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">rights<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">holders, such<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">as<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">commentary,<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">criticism, news<\/span> <span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">reporting, <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">research, teaching, or scholarship. It provides for the legal, non<\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">licensed citation o<\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">r incorporation of <\/span><br class=\"textLayer--absolute\" role=\"presentation\" \/><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">copyrighted material in another author\u2019s work under a four<\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">&#8211;<\/span><span class=\"textLayer--absolute\" dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">factor balancing test.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Boundaries of Femininity: Crossdressed Women in modern Japanese visual 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23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:right;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:left;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0} Introduction Geisha&#8217;s Gender Play Becoming Modern The [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-207","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/207","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=207"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/207\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":119,"date":"2023-02-04T22:52:48","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T22:52:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=119"},"modified":"2023-05-06T23:08:44","modified_gmt":"2023-05-06T23:08:44","slug":"bibliography","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/bibliography\/","title":{"rendered":"Bibliography"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"119\" class=\"elementor elementor-119\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9aaf0d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9aaf0d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-97e8044\" data-id=\"97e8044\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d31fcbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d31fcbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliography<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-22f19ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"22f19ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-86b4f5d\" data-id=\"86b4f5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c09963 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c09963\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Abbitt, Erica Stevens. \u201cAndrogyny and Otherness: Exploring the West Through the Japanese Performative Body.\u201d <em>Asian Theatre Journal<\/em> 18, no. 2 (2001): 249\u201356.<\/p><p>Algoso, Teresa A. \u201cThoughts on Hermaphroditism: Miyatake Gaikotsu and the Convergence of the Sexes in Taish\u014d Japan.\u201d\u00a0<em>The Journal of Asian Studies<\/em>\u00a065, no. 3 (2006): 555\u2013573.<\/p><p>Bell, David.\u00a0<em>Ukiyo-e Explained.<\/em>\u00a0Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental, 2004.<\/p><p>Chalmers, Sharon. <em>Emerging Lesbian Voices from Japan<\/em>. London: Routledge Curzon, 2002.<\/p><p>Copeland, Rebecca. \u201cFashioning the Feminine: Images of the Modern Girl Student in Meiji Japan.\u201d <em>U.S.-Japan Women\u2019s Journal<\/em>, no. 30\/31 (2006): 13\u201335.<\/p><p>Dalby, Liza Crihfield. <em>Geisha<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.<\/p><p>Dale, S. P. F. \u201cAn Introduction to X-Jenda: Examining a New Gender Identity in Japan.\u201d Intersections (Perth, W.A.) 31, no. 31 (2012): 32\u2013.<\/p><p>Davis, Julie Nelson. <em>Utamaro and the Spectacle of Beauty.<\/em> Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.<\/p><p>Fanasca, Marta. \u201cFtM Crossdresser Escorts in Contemporary Japan: An Embodied and Sensorial Ethnography.\u201d Asian anthropology 18, no. 3 (2019): 154\u2013169.<\/p><p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. \u201cCrossdressing Dans\u014d: Negotiating Between Stereotypical Femininity and Self-Expression in Patriarchal Japan.\u201d Girlhood studies 12, no. 1 (2019): 33\u201348.<\/p><p>Fraser, Karen. \u201cFrom Public to Private: Shifting Conceptions of Women\u2019s Portrait Photography in Late Meiji Japan.\u201d in<em> Portraiture and Early Studio Photography in China and Japan<\/em> edited by Luke Gartlan and Roberta Wue. New York, Oxford: Routledge, 2017. 174-192.<\/p><p>Gabrovska, Galia Todorova. \u201cOnna Mono: The \u2018Female Presence\u2019 on the Stage of the All-Male Traditional Japanese Theatre.\u201d Asian Theatre Journal 32, no. 2 (2015): 387\u2013415.<\/p><p>Giffney, Noreen ed., and Michael O\u2019Rourke ed. <em>The Ashgate Research Companion to Queer Theory<\/em>. London: Routledge, 2016.<\/p><p>Gordon, Andrew. <em>A Modern History of Japan\u202f: from Tokugawa Times to the Present<\/em>. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.<\/p><p>Hickey, Gary. <em>Beauty and Desire in Edo Period Japan.<\/em> Canberra, ACT: National Gallery of Australia, 1998.<\/p><p>Ho, Michelle H. S. \u201cQueer and Normal: Dans\u014d (female-to-Male Crossdressing) Lives and Politics in Contemporary Tokyo.\u201d Asian anthropology 19, no. 2 (2020): 102\u2013118.<\/p><p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;. \u201cFrom Dans\u014d to Genderless: Mediating Queer Styles and Androgynous Bodies in Japan.\u201d Inter-Asia cultural studies 22, no. 2 (2021): 158\u2013177.<\/p><p>Howell, David Luke. <em>Geographies of Identity in Nineteenth-Century Japan<\/em>. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 2005.<\/p><p>\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;. \u201cThe Girl with the Horse-Dung Hairdo\u201d. <em>Looking Modern\u202f: East Asian Visual Culture from Treaty Ports to World War II<\/em>. Chicago: Center for the Art of East Asia, University of Chicago, 2009.<\/p><p>Hur, Nam-lin. <em>Prayer and Play in Late Tokugawa Japan\u202f: Asakusa Senso\u0304ji and Edo Society<\/em>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000.<\/p><p>Ikeda, Asato, Joshua S. Mostow and Ryoko Matsuba. <em>A Third Gender\u202f: Beautiful Youth in Japanese Edo-Period Prints and Paintings (1600-1868)<\/em>. Toronto, ON: Royal Ontario Museum Press, 2016.<\/p><p>Isaka, Maki. \u201cWomen \u2018Onnagata\u2019 in the Porous Labyrinth of Femininity: On Ichikawa Kumehachi I.\u201d U.S.-Japan Women\u2019s Journal, no. 30\/31 (2006): 105\u201331.<\/p><p>\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. <em>Onnagata A Labyrinth of Gendering in Kabuki Theater<\/em>. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015.<\/p><p>Ishida, Hitoshi, Mark McLelland, and Takanori Murakami. \u201c The origin of \u2018queer studies\u2019 in postwar Japan\u201d In <em>Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan<\/em>. Edited by Mark Mclelland, and Romit Dasgupta. Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor &amp; Francis Group, 2005.<\/p><p>Izzard, Sebastian. <em>Kunisada\u2019s World.<\/em> New York: Japan Society, in collaboration with Ukiyo-e Society of America, 1993.<\/p><p>Kaori, Chino. \u201cGender in Japanese Art.\u201d In <em>Gender and Power in the Japanese Visual Field<\/em>, edited by Joshua S. Mostow, Norman Bryson, and Maribeth Graybill. University of Hawai\u2019i Press, 2003. 17\u201334.<\/p><p>Leiter, Samuel L. \u201cFrom Gay to Gei: The Onnagata and the Creation of Kabuki\u2019s Female Characters.\u201d <em>Comparative Drama<\/em> 33, no. 4 (1999): 495\u2013514.\u00a0<\/p><p>Leupp, Gary P.\u00a0<em>Male Colors\u202f: the Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan.<\/em>\u00a0Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.<\/p><p>Lillehoj, Elizabeth \u201cProperly Female: Illustrated Books of Morals for Women in Japan\u201d in Women, Gender, and Art, c. 1500-1900. ed. Melia Belli Bose.<\/p><p>Lindsey, William R. <em>Fertility and Pleasure\u202f: Ritual and Sexual Values in Tokugawa Japan<\/em>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2007.<\/p><p>Maree, Claire. \u201cOre Wa Ore Dakara (\u2019Because I\u2019m Me\u2019): A Study of Gender and Language in the Documentary Shinjuku Boys.\u201d Intersections (Perth, W.A.) 9, no. 9 (2003): 39\u2013.<\/p><p>Marks, Andreas.\u00a0<em>Japanese Woodblock Prints: Artists, Publishers, and Masterworks, 1680-1900<\/em>\u00a0Tokyo: Tuttle Pub, 2010.<\/p><p>Matsunosuke, Nishiyama, and Gerald Groemer. <em>Edo Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600-1868<\/em>. University of Hawai\u2019i Press, 1997.<\/p><p>McLelland, Mark J. <em>Queer Japan from the Pacific War to the Internet Age<\/em>. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.<\/p><p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. ed., Katsuhiko. Suganuma ed., and James. Welker ed. <em>Queer Voices from Japan: First Person Narratives from Japan\u2019s Sexual Minorities<\/em>. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007.<\/p><p>Mezur, Katherine. <em>Beautiful Boys\/outlaw Bodies Devising Kabuki Female-Likeness<\/em>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.<\/p><p>Miyake, Yoshiko. \u201cDoubling Expectations: Motherhood and Women\u2019s Factory Work Under State Management in Japan in the 1930s and 1940s.\u201d In\u00a0<em>Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945<\/em>, edited by Gail Lee Bernstein, 267\u201395. University of California Press, 1991.<\/p><p>Mizuta, Miya Elise. \u201c\u7f8e\u4eba Bijin\/Beauty.\u201d <em>Review of Japanese Culture and Society<\/em> 25 (2013): 43\u201355.<\/p><p>Monden, Masafumi. <em>Japanese Fashion Cultures: Dress and Gender in Contemporary Japan<\/em>. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.<\/p><p>Mostow, Joshua S. \u201cThe Gender of Wakashu and the Grammar of Desire.\u201d In <em>Gender and Power in the Japanese Visual Field<\/em>, ed. Joshua s. Mostow, Norman Bryson, and Maribeth Graybill, 49\u201370. University of Hawai\u2019i Press, 2003.<\/p><p>\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-. &#8220;Utagawa Shunga, Kuki\u2019s \u2018chic,\u2019 and the construction of a national erotics in Japan&#8221;. <em>Performing \u201cNation\u201d Gender Politics in Literature, Theater, and the Visual Arts of China and Japan, 1880-1940 <\/em>ed. Doris Croissant, Catherine Vance Yeh, Joshua S. Mostow. Leiden: Brill, 2008.<\/p><p>Nagaike, Kazumi. <em>Fantasies of Cross-Dressing Japanese Women Write Male-Male Erotica<\/em>. Leiden: Brill, 2012.<\/p><p>Nakamura, Karen, and Hisako Matsuo, \u201cFemale masculinity and fantasy spaces: transcending genders in the Takarazuka Theatre and Japanese popular culture.\u201d In <em>Men and Masculinities in Contemporary Japan: Dislocating the Salaryman Doxa <\/em>Edited by James E. Roberson and Nobue Suzuki<em>.<\/em> London: Routledge, 2003.<\/p><p>Nolte, Sharon H., and Sally Ann Hastings. \u201cThe Meiji State\u2019s Policy Toward Women, 1890\u20131910.\u201d In <em>Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945<\/em>, edited by Gail Lee Bernstein, 151\u201374. University of California Press, 1991.<\/p><p>O\u2019Brien, Suzanne G. \u201cSplitting Hairs: History and the Politics of Daily Life in Nineteenth-Century Japan.\u201d The Journal of Asian Studies 67, no. 4 (2008): 1309\u201339.<\/p><p>Oshima, Mark. \u201cThe Keisei as a meeting point of different worlds: courtesan and the Kabuki Onnagata.\u201d <em>The Women of the Pleasure Quarter: Japanese Paintings and Prints of the Floating World <\/em>ed. Elizabeth de Sabato Swinton with Contributions by Kazue Edamatsu Campbell, Liza Crihfield Dalby, Mark Oshima. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1995.<\/p><p>Pflugfelder, Gregory M. \u201cThe Nation-State, the Age\/Gender System, and the Reconstitution of Erotic Desire in Nineteenth-Century Japan.\u201d <em>The Journal of Asian Studies<\/em> 71, no.4 (November 2012): 963-974.<\/p><p>Pollack, David. \u201cMarketing Desire: Advertising and Sexuality in Edo Literature, Drama, and Art.\u201d In <em>Gender and Power in the Japanese Visual Field<\/em>, edited by Joshua S. Mostow, Norman Bryson, and Maribeth Graybill, 71\u201388. University of Hawai\u2019i Press, 2003.<\/p><p>Reitan, Richard. \u201cClaiming Personality: Reassessing the Dangers of the \u2018New Woman\u2019 in Early Taish\u014d Japan.\u201d Positions: East Asia cultures critique 19, no. 1 (2011): 83\u2013107.<\/p><p>Robertson, Jennifer. <em>Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.<\/p><p>\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. \u201cThe Politics of Androgyny in Japan: Sexuality and Subversion in the Theater and Beyond\u201d <em>American Ethnologist<\/em> 19, no. 3 (Aug. 1992): 419-442.<\/p><p>\u2014&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;. \u201cTheatrical Resistance, Theatres of Restraint: The Takarazuka Revue and the &#8220;State Theatre&#8221; Movement in Japan\u201d <em>Anthropological Quarterly<\/em> 64 no. 4 (Oct. 1991):165-177.<\/p><p>Roden, Donald. \u201cTaish\u014d Culture and the Problem of Gender Ambivalence\u201d In <em>Culture and Identity: Japanese Intellectuals during the Interwar Years,<\/em> edited by J. Thomas Rimer. Cambridge: Princeton University Press, 1990. 37-55.<\/p><p>Saeki, Junko. \u201cBeyond the Gender Dichotomy: The Cross-Dressing Tradition in Japanese Theatre.\u201d\u00a0<em>Intersections (Perth, W.A.)<\/em>\u00a016, no. 16 (2008): 25\u2013.<\/p><p>Schaap, Robert. <em>Kunisada: Imaging Drama and Beauty.<\/em> Leiden, The Netherlands: Hotei Publishing, 2016.<\/p><p>Seigle, Cecilia Segawa. <em>Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan<\/em>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.<\/p><p>Shamoon, Deborah. <em>Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girls&#8217; Culture in Japan<\/em>. Honolulu: University of Hawai\u2019i Press, 2012.<\/p><p>Sh\u00f9z\u00f5, kuki. \u201cThe Structure of Iki.\u201d In\u00a0<em>The Structure of Detachment<\/em>, 13\u201392. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1930.<\/p><p>Silverberg, Miriam. <em>Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times<\/em>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. 51\u201372.<\/p><p>Stickland, Leonie R. <em>Gender Gymnastics: Performing and Consuming Japan\u2019s Takarazuka Revue<\/em>. Melbourne: Transpacific Press, 2008.<\/p><p>Sullivan, Nikki. <em>A Critical Introduction to Queer Theory<\/em>. Edinburgh University Press, 2003.<\/p><p>Suzuki, Michiko.\u00a0<em>Becoming Modern Women: Love and Female Identity in Prewar Japanese Literature and Culture.<\/em>\u00a0Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2010.<\/p><p>Takeda, Sachiko, \u201cMenswear, Womenswear: Distinctive features of the Japanese Sartorial system.\u201d\u00a0In <em>Gender and Japanese History. <\/em>Osaka: Osaka University press, 1999. 187-211.<\/p><p>Tipton, Elise K. \u201cCleansing the Nation: Urban Entertainments and Moral Reform in Interwar Japan.\u201d <em>Modern Asian Studies<\/em> 42, no. 4 (2008): 705\u201331.<\/p><p>Yamanashi, Makiko. <em>A History of the Takarazuka Revue Since 1914: Modernity, Girls\u2019 Culture, Japan Pop<\/em>. Boston: Leiden Global Oriental, 2012.<\/p><p>\u3064\u3076\u3084\u304d\u9928. \u201c\u61d0\u304b\u3057\u306e\u5b9d\u585a\u5199\u771f\u9928\u3001\u8466\u539f\u90a6\u5b50\u3068\u4e2d\u539f\u6df3\u4e00\u306e\u5bfe\u8ac7\u3001\u662d\u548c13\u5e748\u6708\u3001\u610f\u6c17\u6295\u5408\u3057\u3066\u4e8c\u4eba\u304c\u7d50\u5a5a\u3057\u305f\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051.\u201d Accessed December 12, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/tsubuyaki3578.at.webry.info\/202003\/article_57.html\">https:\/\/tsubuyaki3578.at.webry.info\/202003\/article_57.html<\/a><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b75f6a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b75f6a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8d7b118\" data-id=\"8d7b118\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b731df9 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b731df9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Conclusion<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0db9429\" data-id=\"0db9429\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f9e174 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8f9e174\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/image-gallery\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Image Gallery<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40c65f3\" data-id=\"40c65f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40ed677 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"40ed677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/menu\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Menu<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Bibliography Abbitt, Erica Stevens. \u201cAndrogyny and Otherness: Exploring the West Through the Japanese Performative Body.\u201d Asian Theatre Journal 18, no. 2 (2001): 249\u201356. Algoso, Teresa A. \u201cThoughts on Hermaphroditism: Miyatake Gaikotsu and the Convergence of the Sexes in Taish\u014d Japan.\u201d\u00a0The Journal [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":117,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-119","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/119","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=119"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/119\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=119"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":117,"date":"2023-02-04T22:52:11","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T22:52:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=117"},"modified":"2023-05-09T00:54:43","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T00:54:43","slug":"conclusion","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/","title":{"rendered":"Conclusion"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"117\" class=\"elementor elementor-117\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3aae614 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"3aae614\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-39988e9\" data-id=\"39988e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c99534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c99534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-10087df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"10087df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bce9bee\" data-id=\"bce9bee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c333a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3c333a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-110fc12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"110fc12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7544e50\" data-id=\"7544e50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0719f3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0719f3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>During World War II, the shojo subculture experienced a cooling period when it was considered unhelpful to the Japanese government&#8217;s eugenicist and pro-natal stance toward women.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> Immediately after the war, however, it returned in magazines and books, most notably Nakahara Junichi\u2019s magazine <em>Himawari<\/em>. In the post-war years, the genre would feature mainly heterosexual romances, but the queerness of <em>shojo<\/em> would not be completely erased. Boy\u2019s love became a popular <em>Shojo<\/em> offshoot featuring same-sex male relationships. Studies of the popularity of boys\u2019 love with Japanese female audiences have explored how female readers and writers projected their own desires on the male characters while being able to dodge the shame by acting out the desire with bodies not their own.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> Likewise, Takarazuka, the mecca of the <em>shojo<\/em> subculture, struggled during wartime when its performance was limited to only propagandistic productions approved by government advisory boards. But like the <em>shojo<\/em> subculture, it would experience a significant renaissance in the second half of the twentieth century, cementing its place in Japanese popular culture. The theater continues to put on productions today and garner large, dedicated audiences of women even beyond the national border.<\/p><p>In terms of contemporary incarnations of female-to-male crossdressing, as mentioned in the introduction, <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> individuals live and work in Tokyo and, alongside the increasingly popular genderless style movement, contribute to an urban landscape filled with increasing avenues to express the full spectrum of gender identity. Marta Fanasca and Michelle H.S. Ho\u2019s studies reveal a community based around bars, caf\u00e9s, and escort services where <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> individuals meet primarily female clients, mirroring the lives of the geisha and actresses of the past. However, they differ in their ability to exhibit their queer identities outside the realm of performance. One of Michelle H. S. Ho\u2019s subjects in \u201cQueer and Normal\u201d expresses concern about this distinction.\u00a0 Twenty-five-year-old Hiyori wants others to understand <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> as more than just something they do as a job to please clients; it is who they are.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Ho\u2019s interview with Hiyori also reveals that the <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> population connects themselves to older traditions like the Takarazuka\u2019s <em>Otokoyaku<\/em> to support the discourse of \u201cgender crossing practices as <em>futsu<\/em> (normal).\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Regardless, <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> has a complicated relationship with the LGBTQIA+ community in Japan because they feel the limited identity categories do not represent them but also because they do not identify with the antinormative stance common in queer rhetoric post-World War II. Ho believes this should force us to consider queer\u2019s relationship to normal. In the same vein, as this capstone has demonstrated, this visual and material culture that moved in and out of mainstream acceptability historically should also question whether queer is inherently abnormal, particularly in the case of femininity and normative expressions of it.<\/p><p>When viewing the various images of cross-dressed women at the start of this capstone, more questions than answers arose. Who were these women? What function did these images serve? How did people respond? By answering these questions and highlighting the importance of these objects, this study has also made visible the throughlines between the queer expressions of Japan\u2019s past and present. These women were performers for private clients and packed theaters. Their gender play and androgyny were momentary, but it was impactful because of the visual material that expanded the play beyond the spatial and temporal boundaries of the performance. For other women, these boundary-defying objects inspired how they might question and reimagine the boundaries of femininity. For Government officials, they represented a challenge to the social order that had been designed to categorize and police its citizens.<\/p><p>Furthermore, if a long tradition of queer expression exists in Japanese culture, then is queerness mutually exclusive to Japaneseness? Should queer Japan be solely defined by its relationship to Western queer communities rather than based on its distinct history and culture? This project does not hold the answers to these questions but instead contributes to a larger tapestry of scholarship attempting to reconstruct a record of this complex past. Future investigations will lend to the visibility of marginalized pasts to legitimize the belonging of those living in the present and provide them with the generational record they were previously denied.<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7dfee29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"7dfee29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f55b358\" data-id=\"f55b358\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-820c29d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"820c29d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/k86i0k853k9yi2d\/Untitled%20design%20%2811%29.png?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/k86i0k853k9yi2d\/Untitled%20design%20%2811%29.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-852c277 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"852c277\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92a25cb\" data-id=\"92a25cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1e9b29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d1e9b29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4317b31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"4317b31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3cfd0d7\" data-id=\"3cfd0d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59aa50e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"59aa50e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Below are some videos exploring Takarazuka, Danso, Genderless Style, and Queer culture in Contemporary Japan.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eb2bb08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"eb2bb08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-461591f\" data-id=\"461591f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04aeaec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04aeaec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">21st century Takarazuka<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-63da73e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"63da73e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75afaca\" data-id=\"75afaca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8133568 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"8133568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/_-u0BiK_70I&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-587eebe\" data-id=\"587eebe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d6a4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38d6a4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">TAKARAZUKA REVUE official promotional video &#8220;Haikara-San: Here Comes Miss Modern&#8221;<\/h3><h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">&#8211; \u00a0Takarazuka Revue Company<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a36d39a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a36d39a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fcf8244\" data-id=\"fcf8244\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c342171 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c342171\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-20b023f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"20b023f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9f7fd50\" data-id=\"9f7fd50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad290e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad290e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">\u96ea\u7d44\u516c\u6f14\u300eCITY HUNTER\u300f\u300eFire Fever!\u300f\u521d\u65e5\u821e\u53f0\u6620\u50cf\uff08\u30ed\u30f3\u30b0\uff09<\/h3><h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">&#8211; \u00a0Takarazuka Revue Company<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-88f1918\" data-id=\"88f1918\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ad494 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"63ad494\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/gR8ygNQuVMM&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-38d5bfc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"38d5bfc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-218129b\" data-id=\"218129b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d6d342 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7d6d342\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac00424 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"ac00424\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9a7760\" data-id=\"c9a7760\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cf9a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"90cf9a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/YO9t8DEscKg&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c7930a\" data-id=\"4c7930a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfc0e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfc0e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">\u6708\u7d44\u516c\u6f14\u300e\u5fdc\u5929\u306e\u9580\u300f\u300eDeep Sea \uff0d\u6d77\u795e\u305f\u3061\u306e\u30ab\u30eb\u30ca\u30d0\u30eb\uff0d\u300f\u521d\u65e5\u821e\u53f0\u6620\u50cf\uff08\u30ed\u30f3\u30b0\uff09<\/h3><h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">&#8211; \u00a0Takarazuka Revue Company<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5622759 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5622759\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a8e23d0\" data-id=\"a8e23d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91b65ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"91b65ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f9bb984 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f9bb984\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d37b552\" data-id=\"d37b552\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63172e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63172e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Tokyo Queer &amp; Subculture<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d1035f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"d1035f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7dcef56\" data-id=\"7dcef56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd0d1f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd0d1f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">\u7537\u88c5 &#8211; Cross-Dressing<\/h3><h3>-Vice Japan<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae0828e\" data-id=\"ae0828e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf76744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"cf76744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/Nm0vOYv5KKU&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b889ba7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b889ba7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48e7ef6\" data-id=\"48e7ef6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52aa933 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"52aa933\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c473f90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"c473f90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc5077c\" data-id=\"fc5077c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4fac368 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"4fac368\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/NrYJE1sFVd8&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1382ec5\" data-id=\"1382ec5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbe7062 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bbe7062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">i-D Meets: Tokyo&#8217;s Genderless Youth<\/h3><h3>&#8211; i-D<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dbfa677 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dbfa677\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a882064\" data-id=\"a882064\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d26eb6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d26eb6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9ad615 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"d9ad615\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-868f782\" data-id=\"868f782\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7869508 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7869508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">Shinjuku Boys &#8211; Trailer \/ Astra Film Festival 2006<\/h3><h3 class=\"style-scope ytd-watch-metadata\">&#8211; Astra Film Festival\u00a0<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6be955e\" data-id=\"6be955e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c4554b elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"1c4554b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/5L5oikl6SDY&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f2a8783 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f2a8783\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-605b9d3\" data-id=\"605b9d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cc95db elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4cc95db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9c8fce1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"9c8fce1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80666c2\" data-id=\"80666c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-832cb6c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"832cb6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/takarazuka\/ashihara-kuniko-shojo-dream-worlds\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Ashihara Kuniko &amp; Shojo Dream Worlds<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-558aa3c\" data-id=\"558aa3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5be9c83 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5be9c83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/bibliography\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Bibliography<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-acb91ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"acb91ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54f0969\" data-id=\"54f0969\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c032ba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c032ba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2fba65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"e2fba65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54dd052\" data-id=\"54dd052\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82e0e75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82e0e75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <sup>Yoshiko Miyake. \u201cDoubling Expectations: Motherhood and Women\u2019s Factory Work Under State Management in Japan in the 1930s and 1940s.\u201d In\u00a0<em>Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945<\/em>, edited by Gail Lee, (Bernstein. University of California Press, 1991,) 271-272.<\/sup><\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <sup>Kazumi Nagaike. <em>Fantasies of Cross-Dressing Japanese Women Write Male-Male Erotica, (<\/em>Leiden: Brill, 2012.)<\/sup><\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <sup>Ho, \u201cQueer and Normal\u201d, 110.<\/sup><\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <sup>Ho, \u201cQueer and Normal\u201d, 111.<\/sup><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Conclusion \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;spacer-size)}.e-con{&#8211;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&#8211;container-widget-width,var(&#8211;spacer-size));&#8211;align-self:var(&#8211;container-widget-align-self,initial);&#8211;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;container-widget-height,var(&#8211;spacer-size))} During World War II, the shojo subculture experienced a cooling period when it was considered unhelpful to the Japanese government&#8217;s eugenicist and pro-natal stance toward women.[1] Immediately after the war, however, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-117","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=117"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":92,"date":"2023-02-04T20:47:36","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T20:47:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=92"},"modified":"2023-05-08T22:15:34","modified_gmt":"2023-05-08T22:15:34","slug":"takarazuka","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/takarazuka\/","title":{"rendered":"The Takarazuka Revue"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"92\" class=\"elementor elementor-92\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-241b964 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"241b964\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-121a000\" data-id=\"121a000\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b621b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b621b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Takarazuka revue<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-422e876 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"422e876\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e950894\" data-id=\"e950894\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca2ebc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ca2ebc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d3eaf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"1d3eaf5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8aa561e\" data-id=\"8aa561e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2599214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2599214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Below is a timeline covering the first decades of the Takarazuka Theater from its founding in 1913 to 1941, when the attack on Pearl Harbor launched Japan into Total war. The timeline places the development of Takarazuka in the context of major political and social events in the Taisho and early Showa to better contextualize the rise of the theater.&nbsp;<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b51f621 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"b51f621\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a4eedb\" data-id=\"3a4eedb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4719c7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"4719c7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><style>\n       .errordiv { padding:10px; margin:10px; border: 1px solid #555555;color: #000000;background-color: #f8f8f8; width:500px; }#advanced_iframe {visibility:visible;opacity:1;vertical-align:top;}.ai-info-bottom-iframe { position: fixed; z-index: 10000; bottom:0; left: 0; margin: 0px; text-align: center; width: 100%; background-color: #ff9999; padding-left: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #aaa } a.ai-bold {font-weight: bold;}#ai-layer-div-advanced_iframe p {height:100%;margin:0;padding:0}<\/style><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var ai_iframe_width_advanced_iframe = 0;var ai_iframe_height_advanced_iframe = 0;var aiOnloadScrollTop=\"true\";var aiShowDebug=false;\n\t\tif (typeof aiReadyCallbacks === 'undefined') {\n\t\t\tvar aiReadyCallbacks = [];\n\t\t} else if (!(aiReadyCallbacks instanceof Array)) {\n\t\t\tvar aiReadyCallbacks = [];\n\t\t}    function aiShowIframeId(id_iframe) { jQuery(\"#\"+id_iframe).css(\"visibility\", \"visible\");    }    function aiResizeIframeHeight(height) { aiResizeIframeHeight(height,advanced_iframe); }    function aiResizeIframeHeightId(height,width,id) {aiResizeIframeHeightById(id,height);}<\/script><iframe id=\"advanced_iframe\"  name=\"advanced_iframe\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.knightlab.com\/libs\/timeline3\/latest\/embed\/index.html?source=1d20NyG4z9-R30f-9X5Hy7-Hpr_U2Ua6_MIfB-GiIMoY&#038;font=Default&#038;lang=en&#038;initial_zoom=2&#038;height=650\"  width=\"100%\"  height=\"650\"  frameborder=\"0\"  border=\"0\"  allowtransparency=\"true\"  loading=\"lazy\"  style=\";border-width: 0px;;border: none;;width:100%;;height:650px;\" ><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var ifrm_advanced_iframe = document.getElementById(\"advanced_iframe\");var hiddenTabsDoneadvanced_iframe = false;\nfunction resizeCallbackadvanced_iframe() {}<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><p style=\"display:block !important; visibility:visible !important;margin: -18px 14px 0 0;padding-left: 3px;padding-top:3px;background: white; overflow: hidden; position: relative; line-height:15px;width: fit-content;\"><small style=\"display:block !important;visibility:visible !important\">powered by Advanced iFrame<\/small><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3493fe3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"3493fe3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5278283\" data-id=\"5278283\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10a457c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"10a457c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/k86i0k853k9yi2d\/Untitled%20design%20%2811%29.png?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/k86i0k853k9yi2d\/Untitled%20design%20%2811%29.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-07d5adc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"07d5adc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ebf27ff\" data-id=\"ebf27ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-541271a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"541271a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>By the final years of the Meiji period the <em>Ukiyo-e<\/em> Tradition and Yokohama photography waned in popularity, and new artistic movements and mediums began to fully assert dominance over the aesthetic tastes of Japan both in the realm of fine and commercial art. While Kusakabe Kimbei\u2019s isolated photograph of a geisha in tekomai did not make a significant impact on the visual culture of the time, it would be followed by a new venue designed to produce images of cross-dressed women that created a vision of the cross-dressed woman that continues to be the cultural touchstone for the practice in contemporary Japan. The all-female Takarazuka Revue has fascinated Japanese and global audiences since its inception in the interwar years of the twentieth century. At the center of that fascination was the figure of the <em>otokoyaku<\/em>, the male role performer. The performance style and carefully curated aesthetic of the <em>otokoyaku<\/em> has made them the dominant representative of female-to-male cross-dressing in Japanese popular culture.<\/p><p>Since Takarazuka is a theatrical and cultural phenomenon, it has extensive exposure in anthropology and theatrical history. However, few studies have focused on the artistic footprint created by the theater through its copious amounts of fan material, such as bromide photos, fan magazines, photo books, posters, programs, and ticket stubs. These carefully created artifacts capture the appeal of the theater and its actresses in the absence of the inherently ephemeral performance. Like the postcards of artworks created for national exhibitions, Takarazuka\u2019s visual culture was an alternative source for audiences to indulge in the theater. The material also allowed every performance and actress to have a much longer life span, as evidenced in the continued collecting of pre-World War II Takarazuka memorabilia even today. This material created the connection between fans and the stars because these photos and magazines extended beyond the boundaries of the stage. The material reflects how each generation of Takarazuka gains its visual character from the trends of the day.<\/p><p>This chapter investigates the impact of such material in shaping and spreading the image of Takarazuka\u2019s <em>otokoyaku<\/em> actors, identifying parallels between Takarazuka and the traditions of the nineteenth-century geisha. Takarazuka synthesized and leveraged new and already existing cultural and aesthetic traditions to create an attractive image for their male role performers while also navigating moral panic around gender and sexual expression deemed deviant under new government policy and sexology discourse.<\/p><p>Beginning in the formative years of the 1920s before the designation of <em>otokoyaku<\/em> existed, I shall first contextualize Takarazuka\u2019s shift from early <em>Nihonmono<\/em> (Japanese style) productions to majority Western style performance by examining two photographs from either end of the decade (1920 and 1927). These photographs bridged between the performing geisha of the past and the actresses of the modern era. With the stage set and the <em>otokoyaku<\/em> established, I shall then focus on Takarazuka\u2019s golden age in the 1930s by analyzing the portraits of its star <em>otokoyaku<\/em>, Ashihara Kuniko (1912-1997). Her portraits exemplify Takarazuka\u2019s negotiation of Taisho gender ambivalence and <em>shojo<\/em> (girl\u2019s) aesthetics during the interwar period. They create the fantasy of the ideal man, thus shielding the theater from conservative criticism. Moreover, Ashihara\u2019s image facilitates an exploration of the cyclical relationship between Takarazuka and the narrative and illustrative forms of <em>shojo<\/em> culture. Fitting her promotional material into its historical and artistic contexts will reveal why the <em>otokoyaku<\/em> survived as Japan\u2019s representative cross-dressed woman longer than her early modern predecessors.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2e7fbaf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2e7fbaf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45a8032\" data-id=\"45a8032\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d394f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5d394f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2afc0a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"2afc0a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ba574a1\" data-id=\"ba574a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-666d59a elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"666d59a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/becoming-modern\/meiji-restoration-the-advent-of-photography\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Meiji Restoration &amp; the Advent of Photography<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f07c50d\" data-id=\"f07c50d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38e2162 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"38e2162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/takarazuka\/setting-the-takarazuka-stage\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Setting the Takarazuka Stage<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} The Takarazuka revue \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;spacer-size)}.e-con{&#8211;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&#8211;container-widget-width,var(&#8211;spacer-size));&#8211;align-self:var(&#8211;container-widget-align-self,initial);&#8211;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;container-widget-height,var(&#8211;spacer-size))} Below is a timeline covering the first decades of the Takarazuka Theater from its founding in 1913 to 1941, when the attack on Pearl Harbor launched Japan into Total [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-92","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=92"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/92\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=92"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":90,"date":"2023-02-04T20:46:19","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T20:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=90"},"modified":"2026-02-04T22:38:01","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T22:38:01","slug":"becoming-modern","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/becoming-modern\/","title":{"rendered":"Becoming Modern"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"90\" class=\"elementor elementor-90\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f32108 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"5f32108\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-380fb2d\" data-id=\"380fb2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f856a48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f856a48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Becoming Modern<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f056087 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f056087\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd5fcf2\" data-id=\"cd5fcf2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-259045f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"259045f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-667ef19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"667ef19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad70c8c\" data-id=\"ad70c8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f953cad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f953cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Below is a timeline covering the major events of the Meiji period. It places the first two &#8220;modern&#8221; works of the thesis into the context of the political and social upheavals of the period and provides a detailed view of exactly how Japan went about modernization following the restoration of the\u00a0 Meiji Emperor.<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a39d079 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"a39d079\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dac3a70\" data-id=\"dac3a70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-157ef15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"157ef15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><style>\n       .errordiv { padding:10px; margin:10px; border: 1px solid #555555;color: #000000;background-color: #f8f8f8; width:500px; }#advanced_iframe_2 {visibility:visible;opacity:1;vertical-align:top;}.ai-info-bottom-iframe { position: fixed; z-index: 10000; bottom:0; left: 0; margin: 0px; text-align: center; width: 100%; background-color: #ff9999; padding-left: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #aaa } a.ai-bold {font-weight: bold;}#ai-layer-div-advanced_iframe_2 p {height:100%;margin:0;padding:0}<\/style><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var ai_iframe_width_advanced_iframe_2 = 0;var ai_iframe_height_advanced_iframe_2 = 0;var aiOnloadScrollTop=\"true\";var aiShowDebug=false;\n\t\tif (typeof aiReadyCallbacks === 'undefined') {\n\t\t\tvar aiReadyCallbacks = [];\n\t\t} else if (!(aiReadyCallbacks instanceof Array)) {\n\t\t\tvar aiReadyCallbacks = [];\n\t\t}    function aiShowIframeId(id_iframe) { jQuery(\"#\"+id_iframe).css(\"visibility\", \"visible\");    }    function aiResizeIframeHeight(height) { aiResizeIframeHeight(height,advanced_iframe_2); }    function aiResizeIframeHeightId(height,width,id) {aiResizeIframeHeightById(id,height);}<\/script><iframe id=\"advanced_iframe_2\"  name=\"advanced_iframe_2\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.knightlab.com\/libs\/timeline3\/latest\/embed\/index.html?source=v2%3A2PACX-1vS53XGdFg5Y8sbdLIQmiTjtVvZx9WfVMRy0rq7EZWzRVXE1gf_QOtxXC7fQssUszFqnt_zbMu7ZO2Z9&#038;font=Default&#038;lang=en&#038;initial_zoom=2&#038;height=650\"  width=\"100%\"  height=\"650\"  frameborder=\"0\"  border=\"0\"  allowtransparency=\"true\"  loading=\"lazy\"  style=\";border-width: 0px;;border: none;;width:100%;;height:650px;\" ><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var ifrm_advanced_iframe_2 = document.getElementById(\"advanced_iframe_2\");var hiddenTabsDoneadvanced_iframe_2 = false;\nfunction resizeCallbackadvanced_iframe_2() {}<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><p style=\"display:block !important; visibility:visible !important;margin: -18px 14px 0 0;padding-left: 3px;padding-top:3px;background: white; overflow: hidden; position: relative; line-height:15px;width: fit-content;\"><small style=\"display:block !important;visibility:visible !important\">powered by Advanced iFrame<\/small><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce31055 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce31055\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932d48f\" data-id=\"932d48f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26874cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"26874cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8db0e66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"8db0e66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2d4876\" data-id=\"c2d4876\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84b2758 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"84b2758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/geishas-gender-play\/liberation-limitation-and-the-tenpo-reforms\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Liberation, Limitation, and the Tenpo Reforms<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8c51970\" data-id=\"8c51970\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d643acf elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d643acf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/becoming-modern\/meiji-restoration-the-advent-of-photography\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Meiji Restoration &amp; the Advent of Photography<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Becoming Modern Below is a timeline covering the major events of the Meiji period. It places the first two &#8220;modern&#8221; works of the thesis into the context of the political and social upheavals of the period and provides a detailed view of exactly how Japan went about modernization following the restoration of the\u00a0 Meiji Emperor. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-90","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/90","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=90"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/90\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=90"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":88,"date":"2023-02-04T20:45:24","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T20:45:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=88"},"modified":"2026-02-04T21:14:02","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T21:14:02","slug":"geishas-gender-play","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/geishas-gender-play\/","title":{"rendered":"Geisha&#8217;s Gender Play"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"88\" class=\"elementor elementor-88\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55c2acc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"55c2acc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c9ffb5\" data-id=\"7c9ffb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b778401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b778401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Geisha's Gender Play<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9167648 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9167648\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1707a39\" data-id=\"1707a39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0cb836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c0cb836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b705b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"6b705b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6e97a31\" data-id=\"6e97a31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1bcee5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1bcee5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Below is a timeline covering significant events in the Tokugawa period, both pertaining to the development of cross-dressing practices and to broader socio-political events.\u00a0<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f45fa45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"f45fa45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47c4722\" data-id=\"47c4722\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4ea182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"b4ea182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><style>\n       .errordiv { padding:10px; margin:10px; border: 1px solid #555555;color: #000000;background-color: #f8f8f8; width:500px; }#advanced_iframe_3 {visibility:visible;opacity:1;vertical-align:top;}.ai-info-bottom-iframe { position: fixed; z-index: 10000; bottom:0; left: 0; margin: 0px; text-align: center; width: 100%; background-color: #ff9999; padding-left: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px; border-top: 1px solid #aaa } a.ai-bold {font-weight: bold;}#ai-layer-div-advanced_iframe_3 p {height:100%;margin:0;padding:0}<\/style><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var ai_iframe_width_advanced_iframe_3 = 0;var ai_iframe_height_advanced_iframe_3 = 0;var aiOnloadScrollTop=\"true\";var aiShowDebug=false;\n\t\tif (typeof aiReadyCallbacks === 'undefined') {\n\t\t\tvar aiReadyCallbacks = [];\n\t\t} else if (!(aiReadyCallbacks instanceof Array)) {\n\t\t\tvar aiReadyCallbacks = [];\n\t\t}    function aiShowIframeId(id_iframe) { jQuery(\"#\"+id_iframe).css(\"visibility\", \"visible\");    }    function aiResizeIframeHeight(height) { aiResizeIframeHeight(height,advanced_iframe_3); }    function aiResizeIframeHeightId(height,width,id) {aiResizeIframeHeightById(id,height);}<\/script><iframe id=\"advanced_iframe_3\"  name=\"advanced_iframe_3\"  src=\"https:\/\/cdn.knightlab.com\/libs\/timeline3\/latest\/embed\/index.html?source=v2%3A2PACX-1vSOmPOe7Ro0M8G7DwhpUtkVWTv_Xf2VJEBJ-0If2kdLe1a8RHMMamUxAGaPE97gyiPnVddV5CY3FYfL&#038;font=Default&#038;lang=en&#038;initial_zoom=2&#038;height=650\"  width=\"100%\"  height=\"650\"  frameborder=\"0\"  border=\"0\"  allowtransparency=\"true\"  loading=\"lazy\"  style=\";border-width: 0px;;border: none;;width:100%;;height:650px;\" ><\/iframe><script type=\"text\/javascript\">var ifrm_advanced_iframe_3 = document.getElementById(\"advanced_iframe_3\");var hiddenTabsDoneadvanced_iframe_3 = false;\nfunction resizeCallbackadvanced_iframe_3() {}<\/script><script type=\"text\/javascript\"><\/script><p style=\"display:block !important; visibility:visible !important;margin: -18px 14px 0 0;padding-left: 3px;padding-top:3px;background: white; overflow: hidden; position: relative; line-height:15px;width: fit-content;\"><small style=\"display:block !important;visibility:visible !important\">powered by Advanced iFrame<\/small><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2375c08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2375c08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9be94bb\" data-id=\"9be94bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae76330 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ae76330\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9b3bef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"b9b3bef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c44f7e1\" data-id=\"c44f7e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c503a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7c503a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/lk01u2h67s5ejgc\/Untitled%20design%20%2812%29.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f5b501 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f5b501\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-360f7f4\" data-id=\"360f7f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4e0e45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c4e0e45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fbcc1c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"fbcc1c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dee4c53\" data-id=\"dee4c53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb8bb1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb8bb1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The discourse on early modern Japanese crossdressing and the art depicting its practitioners have been dominated by the figure of the <em>onnagata<\/em>, the male performers that specialized in playing female roles in Kabuki theater. This phenomenon symbolizes the \u201cdecadent\u201d urban culture of the Edo period (1603-1867.) The reality of early modern Japan is that gender play went both ways. While not as codified and reproducible as the Kabuki <em>onnagata<\/em>, female-to-male cross-dressing did exist. Alongside the <em>onnagata<\/em> in the theater district were the women of the red-light district who partook in their tradition of cross-dressing. I contend that Ukiyo-e is the best and most robust record of this tradition, is rarely discussed in literary sources of the times, and does not have the benefit of being immortalized in staged plays like the <em>onnagata<\/em>. These prints held so much power as a record of this tradition that they would be the subject of censorship when women\u2019s gender play threatened the governmental order. I reconstruct the history from the prints that still exist and explore how these objects function to construct the persona of the cross-dressed woman for her audiences.<\/p><p>This backdrop of push and pull reveals that the cross-dressed woman\u2019s image sat precariously on the border between submission and subversion. This chapter explores the evolving meaning of the cross-dressed woman\u2019s image in the nineteenth century, covering the last decades of the long Edo period and crossing the major political shift of the Meiji restoration and the start of modern Japan. This evolution of meaning can be broken down into three stages: spectacle, archetype, and icon. Within an overall development, these stages overlap and generate a subtle, cumulative effect that turns the image of the cross-dressed woman into a representation of a complex web of social mores, political upheavals, and aesthetic shifts. This study will pick apart this web and identify the visual anatomy of their cross-dressing, distinguishing between the aspects of that anatomy that could be tolerated by the tastes and boundaries of the time and those which were transgressive and ultimately led to the suppression of the visual material by the patriarchal government. To accomplish this, the chapter examines the state of the Ukiyo-e publishing industry, its relationship to the entertainment world, its rapidly changing audience, and finally, the government regulation that sought to bring its subversive tendencies into line.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8f2cd6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8f2cd6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e5f4d8\" data-id=\"5e5f4d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-587db27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"587db27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9bbc9bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"9bbc9bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-17430f5\" data-id=\"17430f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b41ec8d elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b41ec8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Introduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9aec7b\" data-id=\"e9aec7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68de178 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"68de178\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/geishas-gender-play\/anatomy-of-the-cross-dressed-geisha\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Anatomy of the Cross-dressed Geisha<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Geisha&#8217;s Gender Play Below is a timeline covering significant events in the Tokugawa period, both pertaining to the development of cross-dressing practices and to broader socio-political events.\u00a0 The discourse on early modern Japanese crossdressing and the art depicting its practitioners have been dominated by the figure of the onnagata, the male performers that specialized [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-88","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/88","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=88"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/88\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=88"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":83,"date":"2023-02-04T20:13:00","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T20:13:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=83"},"modified":"2023-05-08T18:50:43","modified_gmt":"2023-05-08T18:50:43","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"83\" class=\"elementor elementor-83\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b862eb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b862eb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11d1bd8\" data-id=\"11d1bd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2839d5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2839d5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Glossary<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1eb5a55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1eb5a55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f90157b\" data-id=\"f90157b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6fa150 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"c6fa150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1052\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-178\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333.jpg 1052w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333-677x1030.jpg 677w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333-768x1168.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333-1010x1536.jpg 1010w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333-986x1500.jpg 986w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333-464x705.jpg 464w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC206333-450x684.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1052px) 100vw, 1052px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Ukiyo-e <br>\u6d6e\u4e16\u7d75\u30fb\u3046\u304d\u3088\u3048<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">A term that translates to Floating World Pictures. Originally a Buddhist term to describe the ephemerality of the material world, Ukiyo came to describe the world of entertainment and pleasure in the Edo period. Ukiyo-e was a class of images that depicted the urban culture of Edo and included pictures of beautiful women, popular sites, kabuki actors, legendary warriors, and erotic encounters.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8f2db66\" data-id=\"8f2db66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-064a202 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"064a202\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1161\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-174\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-207x300.jpeg 207w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-710x1030.jpeg 710w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-768x1115.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-486x705.jpeg 486w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-450x653.jpeg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Bijinga <br>\u7f8e\u4eba\u753b\u30fb\u3073\u3058\u3093\u304c<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Translates to Beautiful woman pictures. One of the main subjects of Ukiyo-e works during the Edo period. Bijinga would continue to be an important subject in later art movements, like Nihonga, solidifying it as a foundational subject matter in Japanese art. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2ad581\" data-id=\"b2ad581\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19a3ad4 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"19a3ad4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"1030\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-798x1030.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-175\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-798x1030.jpg 798w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-768x992.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-1189x1536.jpg 1189w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-1162x1500.jpg 1162w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-546x705.jpg 546w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-450x581.jpg 450w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530.jpg 1239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Iki <br>\u7c8b\u30fb\u3044\u304d<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Translates to Chic or stylish. Describes an aesthetic movement originating in the eighteenth century based on the romantic tension between a sex worker and her client. A Sex worker would be described as Iki if she was flirtatious, straightforward, and socially savvy. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8833455 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8833455\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b81f3ad\" data-id=\"b81f3ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79ebc8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"c79ebc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/d34rjorq1fgpwg0\/f9744c6a7e2bfe09006d6131f37bb95d.jpeg?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Tekomai <br>\u624b\u53e4\u821e\u30fb\u3066\u3053\u307e\u3044<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">A costume worn by geisha at major festivals like yoshiwara's Niwaka and the Three great festivals of Edo (Kanda, Fukagawa, and Sanno.)The costume mimics the clothing worn by men who traditionally lead festival processions. Easily identified by its bright colors, Tatsukke hakama, and lantern accessory.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06a3cf9\" data-id=\"06a3cf9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da5267 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"5da5267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/xxyppc0cyagorpf\/Geiko_Kimiha.jpeg?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Geisha <br>\u82b8\u8005\u30fb\u3052\u3044\u3057\u3083<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Originally a term that referred to male musicians and entertainers in the entertainment district, it eventually came to describe a class of professional women who were trained in various arts, including music, dance, and the art of conversation. It is often mistakenly thought Geisha have sex with clients, but this is not part of a geisha's job description.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ed9da8\" data-id=\"4ed9da8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59a559c elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"59a559c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1165\" height=\"858\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/a6bb41c2c9e95d4368837721fd4198be.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-181\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/a6bb41c2c9e95d4368837721fd4198be.jpeg 1165w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/a6bb41c2c9e95d4368837721fd4198be-300x221.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/a6bb41c2c9e95d4368837721fd4198be-1030x759.jpeg 1030w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/a6bb41c2c9e95d4368837721fd4198be-768x566.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/a6bb41c2c9e95d4368837721fd4198be-705x519.jpeg 705w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/a6bb41c2c9e95d4368837721fd4198be-450x331.jpeg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1165px) 100vw, 1165px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Wakashu <br>\u82e5\u8846\u30fb\u308f\u304b\u3057\u3085<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Translates to beautiful youth and refers to young men before their coming of age in the Edo period. Coming of age for men was marked by shaving the crown of their head. Before that they would keep their forelocks unshaven. Wakashu are understood by some scholars to have existed as a third gender in Edo, where they, like women, were the objects of male desire.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-38cd970 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"38cd970\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ece4db\" data-id=\"8ece4db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a2100e elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"9a2100e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-184\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png 387w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM-186x300.png 186w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Otokoyaku <br>\u7537\u5f79\u30fb\u304a\u3068\u3053\u3084\u304f<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">The male role performers of the Takarazuka Revue Theater, identifiable by their short hair and masculine dress. Otokoyaku have a distinct performance style that requires the use of straight lines and hard angles in their movement on stage and the use of a technique called ground voice to play a male characters.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-16b5716\" data-id=\"16b5716\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-325b28c elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"325b28c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"342\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.25.18-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-234\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.25.18-AM.png 342w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.25.18-AM-186x300.png 186w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Musumeyaku <br>\u5a18\u5f79\u30fb\u3080\u3059\u3081\u3084\u304f<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">The female role performers of the Takarazuka Revue Theater, identifiable by their very traditionally feminine appearance. Musumeyaku performs a type of hyper-feminity in order to support the illusion of their Otokoyaku counterpart. They typically choose soft, curvilinear poses or movements and speak in high voice registers.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c3d913d\" data-id=\"c3d913d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58f0690 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"58f0690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"196\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Picture1-196x300.png\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-191\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Picture1-196x300.png 196w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Picture1.png 265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">Shoujo Bunka <br>\u5c11\u5973\u6587\u5316\u30fb\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3058\u3087\u3076\u3093\u304b<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">Translates to Girl's Culture, specifically teenage girl's culture. This subculture began to form in the early twentieth century with the advent of girls' magazines. Girls became a new robust consumer demographic, so these magazines and other related entertainment developed a unique aesthetic to cater to them. This aesthetic was defined by purity, elegance, and sentimentality. It also focused heavily of female friendships and same-sex romance. <\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-00b0806 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"00b0806\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0114f9a\" data-id=\"0114f9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-067533c\" data-id=\"067533c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3066bd6 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"3066bd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"352\" height=\"545\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.04.34-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-231\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.04.34-AM.png 352w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.04.34-AM-194x300.png 194w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\">S-Relationship <br>\u30a8\u30b9<\/h3><p class=\"elementor-image-box-description\">A term used in early twentieth-century Japan to describe the \"passionate friendships\" or romantic relationships between female students in newly opened all-girls schools. These relationships became a common subject in Girls' Culture fiction and typically featured a school setting with an older girl and a younger girl paired together. The stories were often melodramatic and focused on the intense pinning the girls felt for each other and the ephemerality of their relationship.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-028475a\" data-id=\"028475a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-10a1886 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"10a1886\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a92b768\" data-id=\"a92b768\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc74b5 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6fc74b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/menu\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Menu<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-56a74ff\" data-id=\"56a74ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f3d86c\" data-id=\"1f3d86c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58c4b02 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"58c4b02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Introduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Glossary \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-content{width:100%}@media (min-width:768px){.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper,.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{display:flex}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-right .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:right;flex-direction:row-reverse}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-left .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:left;flex-direction:row}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-position-top .elementor-image-box-img{margin:auto}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-top .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-middle .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:center}.elementor-widget-image-box.elementor-vertical-align-bottom .elementor-image-box-wrapper{align-items:flex-end}}@media (max-width:767px){.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-bottom:15px}}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-img{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-title a{color:inherit}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-wrapper{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image-box .elementor-image-box-description{margin:0} Ukiyo-e \u6d6e\u4e16\u7d75\u30fb\u3046\u304d\u3088\u3048 A term that translates to Floating World Pictures. Originally a Buddhist term to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":44,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-83","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/83","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=83"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/83\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=83"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":81,"date":"2023-02-04T20:12:47","date_gmt":"2023-02-04T20:12:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=81"},"modified":"2023-05-08T18:02:07","modified_gmt":"2023-05-08T18:02:07","slug":"image-gallery","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/conclusion\/image-gallery\/","title":{"rendered":"Image Gallery"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"81\" class=\"elementor elementor-81\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b7fe49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9b7fe49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06dc719\" data-id=\"06dc719\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3a76c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f3a76c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Image Gallery<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e62d3cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e62d3cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ca184e\" data-id=\"1ca184e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc57b32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"fc57b32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a6ab865 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"a6ab865\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-44df70f\" data-id=\"44df70f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1db467 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f1db467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Lion_Dance\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjQ1MiIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wNVwvTGlvbl9EYW5jZS5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"954\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-452\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance-1030x512.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance-768x382.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance-1536x763.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance-1500x745.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance-705x350.jpg 705w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/Lion_Dance-450x224.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3d9dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c3d9dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC335044-1.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Ryutei Tanehiko &amp; Utagawa Kunisada, Shunj\u00f4 gidan mizuagech\u00f4, 1836. 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Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Massachusetts.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE3NSIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvU0MxODM1MzAuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1239\" height=\"1600\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-175\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530.jpg 1239w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-798x1030.jpg 798w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-768x992.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-1189x1536.jpg 1189w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-1162x1500.jpg 1162w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-546x705.jpg 546w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-450x581.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1239px) 100vw, 1239px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3425752\" data-id=\"3425752\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div 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src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-718x1030.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-454\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-718x1030.jpg 718w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-768x1102.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-1070x1536.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-1045x1500.jpg 1045w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-491x705.jpg 491w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-450x646.jpg 450w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031.jpg 1246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d63bf42 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"d63bf42\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b914833\" data-id=\"b914833\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1254a78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1254a78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, Looking Suitable: Customs of a Red-light District Geisha in the Koka era from Thirty-two Aspects of Customs and Manners, 1888. National Diet Library, Tokyo.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE3NCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvTkRMLURDXzEzMTI3NzMtVHN1a2lva2FfWW9zaGl0b3NoaS1cdTk4YThcdTRmZDdcdTRlMDlcdTUzNDFcdTRlOGNcdTc2ZjhfXHUzMDZiXHUzMDQyXHUzMDQ0XHUzMDU1XHUzMDQ2X1x1NWYxOFx1NTMxNlx1NWU3NFx1OTU5M1x1NWVkM1x1MzA2ZVx1ODJiOFx1ODAwNVx1OThhOFx1NGZkNy1cdTY2MGVcdTZjYmIyMS1jcmQuanBlZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"710\" height=\"1030\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-710x1030.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-174\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-710x1030.jpeg 710w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-207x300.jpeg 207w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-768x1115.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-486x705.jpeg 486w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd-450x653.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/NDL-DC_1312773-Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi-\u98a8\u4fd7\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u76f8_\u306b\u3042\u3044\u3055\u3046_\u5f18\u5316\u5e74\u9593\u5ed3\u306e\u82b8\u8005\u98a8\u4fd7-\u660e\u6cbb21-crd.jpeg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 710px) 100vw, 710px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4de9120\" data-id=\"4de9120\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1939e18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1939e18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/2002021512240095.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Kusakabe Kimbei, Dancing Girl, 1890. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, California.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE4MyIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvMjAwMjAyMTUxMjI0MDA5NS5qcGVnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"493\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/2002021512240095.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-183\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/2002021512240095.jpeg 493w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/2002021512240095-185x300.jpeg 185w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/2002021512240095-434x705.jpeg 434w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/2002021512240095-450x730.jpeg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-663413e\" data-id=\"663413e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eb0f7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3eb0f7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-05-04-at-7.42.39-PM.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Takigawa Sueko and Ooe Fumiko in \u201cKinpira Glasses\u201d, 1920. Sumire Collection (Online Archive)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE4NiIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvU2NyZWVuLVNob3QtMjAyMi0wNS0wNC1hdC03LjQyLjM5LVBNLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"410\" height=\"636\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-05-04-at-7.42.39-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-186\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-05-04-at-7.42.39-PM.png 410w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-05-04-at-7.42.39-PM-193x300.png 193w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b60545 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"1b60545\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d24ce77\" data-id=\"d24ce77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8649d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4a8649d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-09-30-at-12.02.52-PM.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Yukino Fujiko in \u201cMon Paris\u201d, 1927. Sumire Collection (Online Archive).\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE4NSIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvU2NyZWVuLVNob3QtMjAyMi0wOS0zMC1hdC0xMi4wMi41Mi1QTS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"412\" height=\"644\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-09-30-at-12.02.52-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-185\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-09-30-at-12.02.52-PM.png 412w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2022-09-30-at-12.02.52-PM-192x300.png 192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46af805\" data-id=\"46af805\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93dba2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"93dba2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Bromide of Ashihara Kuniko, ca. 1938. Sumire Collection (online fan archive).\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE4NCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvU2NyZWVuLVNob3QtMjAyMS0xMS0yOS1hdC04LjE5LjE3LVBNLnBuZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-184\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png 387w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM-186x300.png 186w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-28401af\" data-id=\"28401af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92080d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"92080d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.25.18-AM.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Bromide of Chichibu Haruyo, date unknown. Sumire Collection (Online Archive)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjIzNCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvU2NyZWVuLVNob3QtMjAyMy0wMi0yNC1hdC0xMS4yNS4xOC1BTS5wbmcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"342\" height=\"552\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.25.18-AM.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-234\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.25.18-AM.png 342w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-02-24-at-11.25.18-AM-186x300.png 186w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0d94fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"c0d94fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3d87ffd\" data-id=\"3d87ffd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2883c53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2883c53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/o0548079513787563544.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Hamamatsu Masanosuke, Unforgettable Song Program Cover, 1938. Sumire Collection (online fan archive.)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE4NyIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvbzA1NDgwNzk1MTM3ODc1NjM1NDQuanBlZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"548\" height=\"795\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/o0548079513787563544.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-187\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/o0548079513787563544.jpeg 548w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/o0548079513787563544-207x300.jpeg 207w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/o0548079513787563544-486x705.jpeg 486w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/o0548079513787563544-450x653.jpeg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 548px) 100vw, 548px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-398d085\" data-id=\"398d085\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-765367e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"765367e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/tumblr_n5myjlA1Rv1tbmnxeo1_1280.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Nakahara Junichi, Illustration for \u201cA Note on Purple\u201d by Yoshiya Nobuko, 1940.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE5MCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvdHVtYmxyX241bXlqbEExUnYxdGJtbnhlbzFfMTI4MC5qcGVnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"594\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/tumblr_n5myjlA1Rv1tbmnxeo1_1280.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-190\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/tumblr_n5myjlA1Rv1tbmnxeo1_1280.jpeg 800w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/tumblr_n5myjlA1Rv1tbmnxeo1_1280-300x223.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/tumblr_n5myjlA1Rv1tbmnxeo1_1280-768x570.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/tumblr_n5myjlA1Rv1tbmnxeo1_1280-705x523.jpeg 705w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/tumblr_n5myjlA1Rv1tbmnxeo1_1280-450x334.jpeg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739ae47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"739ae47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Stage shot from Unforgettable Song in Graph March 1938 issue. Sumire Collection (online fan achieve) left: Sakura Hisako right: Ashihara Kuniko.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE4OCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvMTkzOC0zLTA0X29yaWcuanBlZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"672\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig-1030x672.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-188\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig-1030x672.jpeg 1030w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig-300x196.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig-768x501.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig-705x460.jpeg 705w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig-450x294.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/1938-3-04_orig.jpeg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-701a5e9\" data-id=\"701a5e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d6ede3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1d6ede3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Picture1.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Nakahara Junichi, Cover illustration for Hanamonogatari, 1939\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE5MSIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvUGljdHVyZTEucG5nIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"265\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Picture1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-191\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Picture1.png 265w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Picture1-196x300.png 196w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 265px) 100vw, 265px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d512c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"1d512c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-737c71f\" data-id=\"737c71f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aaa2e77\" data-id=\"aaa2e77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c1c441 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9c1c441\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig.jpeg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Ensemble Shot, ca. 1930s. Sumire Collection (online fan archive.) Ashihara is third from right in the bottom row.\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6IjE4OSIsInVybCI6Imh0dHBzOlwvXC9lZHNwYWNlLmFtZXJpY2FuLmVkdVwvZ2VuZGVycGVyZm9ybWFuY2VcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcL3NpdGVzXC8yMTY0XC8yMDIzXC8wMlwvNjI2NzI5MV9vcmlnLmpwZWcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1030\" height=\"686\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig-1030x686.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-189\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig-1030x686.jpeg 1030w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig-705x470.jpeg 705w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig-450x300.jpeg 450w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/6267291_orig.jpeg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5e5b10e\" data-id=\"5e5b10e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6335cb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6335cb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3b0234\" data-id=\"d3b0234\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-debe3e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"debe3e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-da06b5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"da06b5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c724805\" data-id=\"c724805\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0afed4d elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0afed4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/menu\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Menu<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7609a95\" data-id=\"7609a95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-020f785 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"020f785\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Glossary<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3daac0\" data-id=\"d3daac0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06ab807 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"06ab807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Introduction<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Image Gallery \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column 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23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&#8221;.svg&#8221;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Menu Glossary Introduction<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":117,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-81","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/81","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/81\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/117"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":44,"date":"2023-01-28T21:33:56","date_gmt":"2023-01-28T21:33:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/?page_id=44"},"modified":"2023-05-09T00:38:39","modified_gmt":"2023-05-09T00:38:39","slug":"introduction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"44\" class=\"elementor elementor-44\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29c63f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"29c63f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b6b1292\" data-id=\"b6b1292\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8432299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8432299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction <\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a41803c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a41803c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fe1f0ca\" data-id=\"fe1f0ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a93f049 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a93f049\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21dadbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"21dadbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-21d299c\" data-id=\"21d299c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8eb484 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d8eb484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"992\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-768x992.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-175\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-768x992.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-798x1030.jpg 798w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-1189x1536.jpg 1189w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-1162x1500.jpg 1162w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-546x705.jpg 546w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530-450x581.jpg 450w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/SC183530.jpg 1239w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-516ac3b\" data-id=\"516ac3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3359537 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3359537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"1102\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-768x1102.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-454\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-768x1102.jpg 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-209x300.jpg 209w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-718x1030.jpg 718w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-1070x1536.jpg 1070w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-1045x1500.jpg 1045w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-491x705.jpg 491w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031-450x646.jpg 450w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/05\/NE1325.U7_E42_0031.jpg 1246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee30d4e\" data-id=\"ee30d4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea5087c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ea5087c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"387\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-184\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM.png 387w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2164\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2021-11-29-at-8.19.17-PM-186x300.png 186w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-10ce441 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"10ce441\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b4391e\" data-id=\"0b4391e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-672002b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"672002b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Figure 1. Comparison of Utagawa Kunisada &#8220;The Competitive Type&#8221;, Utagawa Kunisada and Utagawa Hiroshige II&#8217;s &#8220;Hiyoshi Sanno Festival&#8221;, and a Bromide of actress Ashihara Kuniko.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0add3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"f0add3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0cffd84\" data-id=\"0cffd84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6211060 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6211060\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Utagawa Kunisada\u2019s \u201cThe Competitive Type\u201d from the 1820s, Kunisada and Utagawa Hiroshige II\u2019s \u201cHiyoshi Sanno Festival\u201d from 1864, and a bromide of the Takarazuka actress Ashihara Kuniko from 1938 (Figure 1) are, upon first inspection, very different images. From composition to subject and medium, they span over a century, and their relationship to each other is unclear. The simple answer to what these images have in common is that they all depict a woman cross-dressing in men\u2019s fashion, but this answer only elicits more questions. What purpose did these images serve in their time? Were they accepted or censored? Who were the actual women depicted? What do these images tell us about the definitions of masculinity and femininity in Japan in the transition between the early modern and modern eras?<\/p><p>This capstone aims to answer these questions about the consistency and inconsistency of the image of the cross-dressed woman across modern Japanese visual culture. This subject remains popular even in contemporary Japan. It explores the appearance, function, and response to images of cross-dressed women between the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While cross-dressed women in Japan are often seen as a twentieth-century phenomenon, as these three images demonstrate, women\u2019s cross-dressing in performance was not new. This is also evidenced by the fact that Japanese audiences, urban and rural alike, accepted the all-female Takarazuka Revue, a musical theater troupe established in 1913 that remains popular today, despite its transgressive aesthetics and connections to a rising moral panic over same-sex love between women.<\/p><p>Exploring cross-dressed women and the associated visual history fills a gap in the existing scholarship on cross-dressing images in Japan. More consideration has been given to male-to-female examples and only briefly, if at all, discusses the unique implications of female-to-male examples. This gap feels significant, considering that female-to-male examples have an almost equal presence in Japanese visual history. It also, as stated above, combats the idea that representations of gender non-conforming individuals, particularly women, were new to Japan in the twentieth century and a foreign cultural import. Re-establishing a connection between the nineteenth-century and twentieth-century images forces us to consider those twentieth-century images in their local context and the gender-nonconforming aesthetics within them as natively Japanese. With this new context, even contemporary images and expressions of gender non-conformity in Japan can be reconsidered, and the complexity of those expressions can be better understood.<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc130911255\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc130911254\"><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0047902 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"0047902\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2a37986\" data-id=\"2a37986\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04bb402 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"04bb402\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/lk01u2h67s5ejgc\/Untitled%20design%20%2812%29.png?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/lk01u2h67s5ejgc\/Untitled%20design%20%2812%29.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ec198e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ec198e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ff1d15\" data-id=\"8ff1d15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0dc939 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0dc939\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/ubuzzxjw1q1l0jj\/9780520211513.jpeg?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/ubuzzxjw1q1l0jj\/9780520211513.jpeg?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9bfd0a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9bfd0a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3953c6f\" data-id=\"3953c6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c0c543 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c0c543\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Jennifer Robertson, <em>Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1697da6\" data-id=\"1697da6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eaee226\" data-id=\"eaee226\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36727e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36727e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>\u00a0<\/h3><h3>Cross-dressed Women in Pictures<\/h3><p>Images of early modern women cross-dressing have appeared in major exhibitions and are included in broad discussions of <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ukiyo-e<\/a> art. The most critical exhibitions were Ota Memorial Museum\u2019s <em>Crossdressing in Ukyio-e<\/em> in 2017 and Royal Ontario Museum\u2019s <em>Third Gender: Beautiful Youths in Japanese Edo-Period Prints and Paintings<\/em> in 2016. However, these exhibitions and studies rarely give significant attention to these specific works and their subject matter; usually, more attention is given to the larger body of images of cross-dressed men.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> There is no concrete reason for this imbalance, but it could be the result of several factors, including the relatively more considerable amount of surviving material that depicts men cross-dressing, the fact that early modern male-to-female crossdressing practices (i.e., Kabuki) still exist relatively unchanged today, and the general centering of men even in conversations around gender and sexuality.<\/p><p>While no dedicated, in-depth studies of these images exist, there is a body of scholarship concerning gender presentation in Japanese prints that can be pulled from to inform this capstone. Joshua Mostow\u2019s \u201cThe Gender of Wakashu and the Grammar of Desire.\u201d Introduces the <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wakashu<\/a> to Japanese art historical discourse and explores early modern systems of gender, sex, and desire through the information we can glean from prints and illustrations.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0 Mostow not only sets a precedent for questioning the gender presentation and identity of the people we see in print, but his study also provides a model for how the design, composition, and aesthetic of prints can be used to understand the social circumstances that created them.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f4be70f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f4be70f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-43e9f50\" data-id=\"43e9f50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a668092 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a668092\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Furthermore, existing scholarship on gender performance in Kabuki and Kabuki\u2019s depiction in <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ukiyo-e<\/a> also provide a worthwhile foundation for this project. Mark Oshima\u2019s \u201cThe Keisei as a meeting point of different worlds: courtesan and the Kabuki Onnagata.\u201d and Samuel L. Leiter\u2019s \u201cFrom Gay to Gei: The Onnagata and the Creation of Kabuki\u2019s Female Characters.\u201d Both establish the interconnected relationship between the women of the red light district and the way <em>onnagata<\/em> actors constructed their performed femininity. Mark Oshima, in particular, reads these connections in the prints that depict Kabuki <em>onnagata<\/em> and the highest-paid courtesans of the red-light districts.\u00a0 Isaka Maki\u2019s <em>Onnagata: A labyrinth of gendering in the Kabuki Theater<\/em> discusses how the <em>Onnagata<\/em> constructs their idealized femininity onstage through the terms of semiotics. This exhaustive analysis of the performance style of the Onnagata presents gender as a performance that can be mastered. The cross-dressed man monopolized that mastery while biological women fell short. The <em>Onnagata<\/em> exemplifies a gap between gender performance and biological sex in early modern Japan that created a basis for the existence of the cross-dressed woman.<\/p><p>The Takarazuka Revue and cross-dressing in the twentieth century have enjoyed much more scholarly attention. Jennifer Robertson\u2019s seminal 1990s study of queerness and erotic desire in the theater <em>Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan <\/em>and Deborah Shamoon\u2019s detailed exploration of <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shojo culture<\/a> <em>Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girls&#8217; Culture in Japan<\/em> form the foundation of the Takarazuka centric section of the project.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> Also important for both discussions of Early modern cross-dressing and twentieth-century Takarazuka are the cultural and artistic trends of the respective periods. For this, I turn to scholars like Donald Roden and Miriam Silverberg from the early twentieth century. Roden argues for Gender ambivalence as a defining part of Taisho popular culture and its subsequent importance to the Taisho intellectuals attempting to understand it.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Miriam Silverberg attempts to define the enigmatic Modern Girl that become the icon of Taisho and early Showa Japan.<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> For Early Modern Tokugawa Japan, I will use Nishiyama Matsunosuke and David Pollack. The collection of Nishiyama\u2019s writing titled <em>Edo Culture,<\/em> translated by Gerald Groemer, is a foundational text for understanding Edo period Japan. Nishiyama defines <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>iki<\/em><\/a> aesthetics and places it within the socio-economic circumstances of its time.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> David Pollack\u2019s more recent writing on the inextricable relationship between advertising and sexuality in Edo Japan, paints a picture of a busy metropolis with a consumer population whose tastes significantly shaped the twists and turns of Japanese culture.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a668b54\" data-id=\"a668b54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31e267 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e31e267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/6yurlse09fso0ad\/71mHmH0eIoL.jpeg?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/6yurlse09fso0ad\/71mHmH0eIoL.jpeg?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-68c061d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"68c061d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-bf751a9\" data-id=\"bf751a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-075a757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"075a757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nishiyama Matsunosuke, <em>Edo Culture: Daily life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600-1868<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-acb349f\" data-id=\"acb349f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-855897b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"855897b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5df51a9\" data-id=\"5df51a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ba0b16c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"ba0b16c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-04ff307\" data-id=\"04ff307\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dfc980 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2dfc980\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/s1yqzzhba5flomm\/Untitled%20design%20%2813%29.png?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/s1yqzzhba5flomm\/Untitled%20design%20%2813%29.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2353 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f2353\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e899b2\" data-id=\"9e899b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9baeed1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9baeed1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><em>Dans\u014d<\/em>, androgyny, or queer? Defining Cross-Dressing<\/h3><p>One of the challenges frequently occurring in studying East Asian socio-historical phenomena in the English language lies in the gap in theoretical vocabulary between English and the local language. This capstone\u2019s subject is no exception. The term \u201ccross-dressing\u201d is commonly associated with transgression by contemporary Western viewers. This view is formed by notions of gendered dress in Western culture and a perception of Japanese society as having strictly defined and divided gender roles, so any challenge to the \u201cnorm\u201d must be subversive. But there is no perfect equivalent in the Japanese language. Thus, it is necessary to carefully examine the various terms frequented in this capstone before going into details.<\/p><p>As stated above, the word crossdressing has no direct translation, and the words typically used in Japanese are gendered more precisely than the English term. In the case of a woman dressing as a man, it would be called Dans\u014d (\u7537\u88c5.) When broken down and translated, it means \u201cmale attire\/dress,\u201d which implies a woman dressing as a man. In popular use in contemporary Japan, Dans\u014d has morphed into both a verb and a noun, and someone can <em>do<\/em> <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> and <em>be <\/em>a <em>Dans\u014d<\/em>. This means <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> has come to refer to both a temporary state of cross-dressing and a more permanent form of personal presentation. What makes <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> complicated as an identity is that, based on recent anthropological studies of individuals that fall under the umbrella of <em>Dans\u014d<\/em>, there is no consistent pronoun use or preferred gender identity. <em>Dans\u014d<\/em>, from these interviews, seem comfortable presenting themselves as being somewhere in between with the freedom to use a variety of self-referents and self-fashioning. There is some agreement among interviewees that <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> is not transgender, but this might not always hold for every <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> individual.<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> What this ambiguity tells us is that <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> is more complex than just a translation of the word crossdressing. Furthermore, the actual visual result of <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> is not as simple as female to male. Instead, Dans\u014d can be more accurately described as a type of androgyny.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ccad7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ccad7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-386cfcc\" data-id=\"386cfcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e62c0a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e62c0a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Androgyny means to identify and\/or present as neither wholly masculine nor feminine. It cannot be distinguished as just one of the two ends of the gender spectrum. Typically, it incorporates visual elements associated with both. Androgyny, as a characteristic of female-to-male crossdressing in Japan, plays a significant role in this capstone since the examples explored can all be described as such. This androgyny interacts with the context of performance that all the examples fall in to create the unique conditions that allowed certain cross-dressed women to prevail in the visual culture despite social pressures. Against the backdrop of constructing this visual lineage, the project will interrogate how androgyny and performance served seemingly contradictory functions. Androgyny and performance acted as both the boundaries that confined the images to acceptable femininity while simultaneously imbuing these images with a subversive power that invited censor and criticism in the periods they were made.<\/p><p>The interplay between normal and abnormal displays of femininity leads to the broader second goal of this project: to consider the images of cross-dressed women in the context of Japanese queer aesthetics and history. The history of the term \u201cqueer\u201d is much shorter than the phenomenon it explains. Queer, in popular usage, is an adjective meant to describe any individual who is not heterosexual or cisgender, but it was used as a pejorative term for gay men before being reclaimed by some members of the LGBTQIA+ community starting in the 1960s.<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> It is essential to distinguish that while queer and androgyny both describe a fluidity of identity and presentation, queer suggests a permanence that androgyny does not always have. Androgyny, in this capstone, refers to a temporary performative persona used by the women in question. Queer refers to the fluidity in people\u2019s lived identities and orientations and is not limited to a staged performance. This is also present in this capstone in how performance personae would leak into women&#8217;s everyday lives and even influence women outside the performance sphere to explore new forms of self-presentation and identification.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-649dc51\" data-id=\"649dc51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c87f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c0c87f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/fsgc70v78zuxqr7\/Picture1.png?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/fsgc70v78zuxqr7\/Picture1.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-42ed45e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"42ed45e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7658e3b\" data-id=\"7658e3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73e0879 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73e0879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Screenshot from Vice Japan&#8217;s <em>\u7537\u88c5- Crossdressing<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-261f202\" data-id=\"261f202\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5ebbba elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c5ebbba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76a33ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"76a33ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/n3mkdnnn0riygo5\/Picture2.png?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/n3mkdnnn0riygo5\/Picture2.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-56d455c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"56d455c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c977aa1\" data-id=\"c977aa1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c05682 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c05682\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Screenshot from i-D Japan&#8217;s <em>i-D Meets: Tokyo&#8217;s Genderless Youth<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4f7234\" data-id=\"f4f7234\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de05d4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de05d4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-28b4b9a\" data-id=\"28b4b9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d001a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d001a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Further considering the definition of queer, in western scholarship, it becomes more challenging to pin down. The consensus is that queer is more defined by what it is not: it is a position of opposition to the norm. In foundational texts by scholars like Halperin, Butler, and Sedgewick, queer is an ephemeral, undefinable concept that pushes a person to reflect on their notions that gender or sexual orientation are fixed states of being.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> \u00a0Queer, in this context, is also anti-assimilationist.<\/p><p>\u00a0However, this definition has a subtle shift in the Japanese context. According to the anthropologist Michelle H. S. Ho\u2019s 2020 study titled \u201cQueer and Normal: <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> (female-to-male crossdressing) lives and politics in contemporary Tokyo,\u201d despite being queer, <em>Dans\u014d<\/em> do not see themselves as abnormal. Ho sees this inconsistency as part of the struggle of applying western theory and identity categories to non-western cultures and people. This is part of what Mclelland, Suganuma, and Welker discuss in the introduction to <em>Queer Voices from Japan <\/em>as \u201cglobal queering,\u201d in which North American theory and terminology are taken up by diverse communities creating the sense of a unified \u201cgay world.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> As the authors helpfully put it, the Japanese <em>gei<\/em> and English \u201cgay\u201d might be homophones, but their meaning and nuance are not the same.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p><p>The final term that requires some definition at the start that will appear throughout the capstone is gender ambivalence. Donald Roden identified gender ambivalence as a phenomenon of growing \u201cfascination for sexual inversion and the intentional smashing of gender distinctions\u201d <a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a> Roden attributed the appearance of this fascination in mainstream Japanese society to a variety of factors, including the rising popularity of sexology, Freudian thought, and individualistic preoccupation with the self. While this phenomenon is usually attributed to European centers like Berlin in the 1920s, Roden argued that it also manifested in Taisho Japan and gave the period a character distinct from the more conservative Meiji and Showa eras. Silverberg also uses this term to describe the attitude toward gender non-conformity in the period. <a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> So choosing this term places this capstone into the broader scholarship on the liberal cultural atmosphere in the Taisho, but it also, in my view, best describes the ambiguous relationship mainstream society had to these queer representations. There was a fascination and attraction for different things, but that did not result in widespread institutional acceptance.\u00a0 Roden and Silverberg both use the term to discuss early twentieth century Japan, but I will be extending its use to describe the cultures of the Bunka and Bunsei era in the Tokugawa period. The Taisho and Ka\u2019sei eras have many cultural parallels that Joshua Mostow has also observed in his discussion of <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>iki<\/em><\/a> aesthetics.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/p><p>Bringing this back to the project at hand, in finding a connection between Takarazuka and native early modern cross-dressing traditions, I hope to complicate the idea that Takarazuka\u2019s queerness is solely the product of western influence. My study will also echo Michelle H.S. Ho\u2019s findings that queerness in the Japanese context is not necessarily only abnormal or anti-assimilationist and that queerness can exist in-between the mainstream and the margins. Studying these traditions&#8217; visual and material culture provides an understanding of the socio-historical circumstances that shaped these objects. More importantly, tracing how these objects were proliferated, to whom, and how that proliferation garnered criticism provides a window into how wider society viewed these traditions. Furthermore, visual culture provides a powerful site for considering the intersection of queerness and Japanese culture; in the absence of the people themselves, these depictions of them stand as an essential record of how they fashioned themselves and were fashioned by others. The complex web of interrelated terminology explored above becomes easier to comprehend when given visual form through these objects. The images are no less complex but more concrete than difficult-to-define terms and insufficient translations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56fac66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"56fac66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9e64ea\" data-id=\"e9e64ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01b3f61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"01b3f61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/k86i0k853k9yi2d\/Untitled%20design%20%2811%29.png?raw=1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DW10%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/k86i0k853k9yi2d\/Untitled%20design%20%2811%29.png?raw=1\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-14e373e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"14e373e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59f9da\" data-id=\"a59f9da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a57ee3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a57ee3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><a name=\"_Toc130911256\"><\/a>Capstone Structure<\/h3>\n<p>While earlier studies have prioritized representations of cross-dressed women on stage and in literature, this study investigates the contributions of visual representations. The capstone follows a generally chronological order, but I shall begin unraveling this history in Chapter one by analyzing Figure 2, an example demonstrating the cross-dressed woman at the critical turning point to better highlight this capstone&#8217;s issues. Next, I will go back and examine the early Bunka (1804-1818) and Bunsei (1818-1830) eras through two representative prints from 1811 and 1820 and then explore how the culture that generated those images led to the conservative reform period called the Tenpo Reforms (1841-1843). Following the end of the reforms and the end of the feudal government, I will look at how the cross-dressing <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">geisha<\/a>\u2019s image survived into the Modern era in both print and the new medium of photography to transition to the discussion on Takarazuka Revue in Chapter two.<\/p>\n<p>In the following chapter, I will introduce the Takarazuka theater from its founding years until 1940. Using two photographs from early productions in the 1920s, I will explore how Takarazuka in the early years both borrowed from the visual culture that preceded it while beginning to develop its own distinct aesthetic. Next, I will discuss the 1930s, considered the golden age of Takarazuka. I will do this through the career of Ashihara Kuniko and the visual culture produced for her 1938 production <em>Unforgettable song<\/em>. Ashihara is an ideal subject because of her popularity and subsequent large visual footprint and her personal and professional relationships with Nakahara Junichi and Yoshiya Nobuko. From Nakahara and Yoshiya, I will discuss Takarazuka\u2019s relationship with the <a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Shojo<\/em> subculture<\/a> and how it played a central role in codifying Takarazuka\u2019s queer aesthetics.<\/p>\n<p>Through a carefully conducted analysis, this capstone will contribute to the scholarly dialogue on how Japan developed its queer expressions, one that is not just a mirror of western examples but a conscious synthesis of its native traditions. Furthermore, this project will illuminate the power of material objects to embody the history of their subjects and how their handling and reception can provide a record of histories typically pushed to the margins.&nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73b8a5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73b8a5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-aa88d5e\" data-id=\"aa88d5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9558e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c9558e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e4b2af2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"e4b2af2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc44afd\" data-id=\"bc44afd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5cbeca elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a5cbeca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/introduction\/glossary\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Glossary<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cc0846\" data-id=\"4cc0846\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7251c3\" data-id=\"a7251c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ed219c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1ed219c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/geishas-gender-play\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Geisha's Gender Play<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0970360 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0970360\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57ef184\" data-id=\"57ef184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b7143e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0b7143e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-523f67f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default elementor-invisible\" data-id=\"523f67f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-585bdbd\" data-id=\"585bdbd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1880c85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1880c85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Also, worth mentioning is Chester Beatty Library\u2019s Edo in Color (2021), it was not specifically concerned with issues of gender in art but did include significant eighteenth-century examples that were given some discussion by the curators.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Joshua S. Mostow\u2019s \u201cThe Gender of Wakashu and the Grammar of Desire.\u201d In <em>Gender and Power in the Japanese Visual Field<\/em>, 2003 and \u201cUtagawa Shunga, Kuki\u2019s \u2018chic,\u2019 and the construction of a national erotics in Japan&#8221;. In <em>Performing \u201cNation\u201d Gender Politics in Literature, Theater, and the Visual Arts of China and Japan, 1880-1940<\/em>, 2008.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Deborah. Shamoon\u2019s <em>Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girls&#8217; Culture in Japan,<\/em> 2012 and Jennifer Robertson\u2019s <em>Takarazuka: Sexual Politics and Popular Culture in Modern Japan<\/em>, 1998.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Donald Roden. \u201cTaish\u014d Culture and the Problem of Gender Ambivalence\u201d In <em>Culture and Identity: Japanese Intellectuals during the Interwar Years<\/em>, edited by J. Thomas Rimer. (Cambridge: Princeton University Press, 1990,) 37.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Miriam Silverberg . <em>Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times, <\/em>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.)<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Nishiyama Matsunosuke, <em>Edo Culture: Daily Life and Diversions in Urban Japan, 1600-1868<\/em>.(University of Hawai\u2019i Press, 1997.)<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>, Michelle H. S. Ho \u201cQueer and Normal: Dans\u014d (female-to-Male Crossdressing) Lives and Politics in Contemporary Tokyo.\u201d <em>Asian Anthropology<\/em> 19, no. 2 (2020): 103-104.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u201cQueer (GE, GI, S, SO)\u201d I<em>ts Getter Better Project<\/em>, accessed 2\/15\/2023. https:\/\/itgetsbetter.org\/glossary\/queer\/<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>. Noreen Giffney. \u201cIntroduction: The \u2018q\u2019 word.\u201d In <em>The Ashgate Research Companion to Queer Theory<\/em>. Noreen Giffney ed., and Michael O\u2019Rourke,( London: Routledge, 2016,) 19-20.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Mark McClelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma ed and James. Welker. \u201cIntroduction: Re(claiming) Japan\u2019s Queer Past\u201d In <em>Queer Voices from Japan: First Person Narratives from Japan\u2019s Sexual Minorities<\/em>. Mark McClelland ed., Katsuhiko. Suganuma ed., and James. Welker ed, (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007,) 1-2.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> McLelland, Suganuma, and Welker, \u201cIntroduction\u201d, 2.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Roden. \u201cTaish\u014d Culture\u201d, 37.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Silverberg. <em>Erotic Grotesque Nonsense<\/em>, 118.<\/p><p><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Joshua Mostow \u201cUtagawa Shunga, Kuki\u2019s \u2018chic,\u2019 and the construction of a national erotics in Japan&#8221;. In <em>Performing \u201cNation\u201d Gender Politics in Literature, Theater, and the Visual Arts of China and Japan, 1880-1940<\/em>, 2008.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]&gt;a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px} Introduction \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;spacer-size)}.e-con{&#8211;container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(&#8211;container-widget-width,var(&#8211;spacer-size));&#8211;align-self:var(&#8211;container-widget-align-self,initial);&#8211;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con&gt;.elementor-widget-spacer&gt;.elementor-widget-container&gt;.elementor-spacer&gt;.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(&#8211;container-widget-height,var(&#8211;spacer-size))} \/*! elementor &#8211; v3.12.2 &#8211; 23-04-2023 *\/ .elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=&#8221;.svg&#8221;]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block} Figure 1. Comparison of Utagawa Kunisada &#8220;The Competitive Type&#8221;, Utagawa Kunisada and Utagawa Hiroshige II&#8217;s &#8220;Hiyoshi Sanno Festival&#8221;, and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3990,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-44","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3990"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=44"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/44\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/genderperformance\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]