Communicate with AFT staff across departments and outside organizations to find solutions to data-related issues;<\/p>\n
Engage in team meetings and discussions on data structure and improvements to the database;<\/p>\n
Manage restructuring the bargaining power database to streamline data collection and understanding, and more!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
I am excited by this opportunity and will continue this internship through the Spring 2023 semester.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The American Federation of Teachers is an affiliate of the AFL-CIO and represents 1.7 million members in more than 3,000 local affiliates nationwide. AFT represents teachers, paraprofessionals, higher education faculty, government employees, healthcare professionals, and more. I am lucky enough to be an intern for the Research and Strategic Initiatives department on the Collective Bargaining … Continue reading Internship with the American Federation of Teachers<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3362,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-60","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/60","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3362"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/60\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":58,"date":"2022-12-10T17:35:24","date_gmt":"2022-12-10T17:35:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/?page_id=58"},"modified":"2022-12-10T17:35:24","modified_gmt":"2022-12-10T17:35:24","slug":"does-class-size-matter-pupil-teacher-ratios-impact-on-student-achievement","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/does-class-size-matter-pupil-teacher-ratios-impact-on-student-achievement\/","title":{"rendered":"Does Class Size Matter: Pupil Teacher Ratio\u2019s Impact on Student Achievement"},"content":{"rendered":" My work for GOVT 310, Introduction to Political Research was published in Clocks and Clouds 2021-2022 Issue!<\/p>\n Clocks and Clouds is the undergraduate journal for American University covering political science, international relations, and public policy.<\/p>\n My paper covers the topic of class size and its debate in the education policy space.<\/p>\n “Educational practices and policies have been debated among educators, policymakers, and others for ages. The idea of class size and pupil teacher ratio (PTR) exemplify this idea. In the existing literature, there are varied opinions as to how we should handle the number of students per classroom. Some researchers show that smaller class sizes can be beneficial to both student achievement and closing the educational gap for students of color. Others are concerned that both class size research and policies lack supporting evidence and therefore should not be attempted. Meanwhile, lawmakers and policymakers continue to invest large amounts of money into class size reduction (CSR) policies including states like California and Florida. This research seeks to reframe and question current policies by determining to what extent low pupil teacher ratios influence student achievement. Using regression and correlation tests, the results produce the conclusions that while math achievement is not affected by class size, ELA achievement in combination with the percentage of African American students does influence test scores. The results lend themselves to a plan for future class size policies that are more in tune with the current state of education and the students who will be affected.”<\/p>\n You can read my work here<\/a> at the Clocks and Clouds website.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" My work for GOVT 310, Introduction to Political Research was published in Clocks and Clouds 2021-2022 Issue! Clocks and Clouds is the undergraduate journal for American University covering political science, international relations, and public policy. My paper covers the topic of class size and its debate in the education policy space. “Educational practices and policies … Continue reading Does Class Size Matter: Pupil Teacher Ratio\u2019s Impact on Student Achievement<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3362,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-58","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3362"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=58"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":47,"date":"2021-04-30T18:30:07","date_gmt":"2021-04-30T18:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/?page_id=47"},"modified":"2021-04-30T18:32:30","modified_gmt":"2021-04-30T18:32:30","slug":"2020-21-reflection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/2020-21-reflection\/","title":{"rendered":"2020-21 Reflection"},"content":{"rendered":" This past year, we asked and examined the question: Does the current pandemic along with other disasters\/emergencies impact access to education and school-related resources? If so how? The research over the fall semester was interesting and intriguing because while COVID-19 is novel, pandemics in general have existed for ages. However, this research was so different because the circumstances surrounding education and educated-related services are completely changed in the era of technology. Through this process, we discovered that the pandemic has of course disrupted our lives, but more so exacerbated existing inequalities across the board, hitting education the hardest. For the spring, we wanted to help alleviate these problems because we all know how difficult this year has been in our own educational careers and we hope we can bring some relief to others. For our social action project, we partnered with a DC based non-profit named Students Organized to Understand Leadership (SOUL). We raised money through GoFundMe and collected donations through an Amazon Wishlist. At the closing of our project, we raised $440 and $66 worth of sports equipment, all of which went right to SOUL. Thank you to everyone who donated, money or equipment, for low-income, marginalized students in DC. This money and equipment will go to funding free summer programs for these students which will greatly help student athletes get moving again!<\/span><\/p>\n Our team all worked really well together. We built a great group relationship over the fall semester through research and various assignments. This made implementing a more serious physical project much easier because we knew how everyone worked and everyone’s strengths and weaknesses. I think the extended period of time, meaning a whole academic year, with the same group worked very well in our advantage because of the connections we were able to form. Also, our amazing TA helped us bond and communicate which helped the relationships last through the difficult times.<\/p>\n In my experiences in leadership before college, it was really easy for me to assume a lead role. However, during this process, there are so many natural leaders that I had to readjust and learn how to function with other independent, smart, and bold people just like me. I have learned more about myself and how to work with other people. I have realized that the team work skills I have discovered through the leadership program have erupted into other classes where I do group work and have to take charge to build means of communication or lead others to finish work. I am very thankful for this success of a first year in the leadership program, for what I have learned but more importantly, the people I have met and become friends with!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" A summary of your completed team project This past year, we asked and examined the question: Does the current pandemic along with other disasters\/emergencies impact access to education and school-related resources? If so how? The research over the fall semester was interesting and intriguing because while COVID-19 is novel, pandemics in general have existed for … Continue reading 2020-21 Reflection<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3362,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-47","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3362"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":19,"date":"2020-07-06T19:47:35","date_gmt":"2020-07-06T19:47:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/spatemplate\/?page_id=19"},"modified":"2021-04-30T16:49:14","modified_gmt":"2021-04-30T16:49:14","slug":"work-sample","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/work-sample\/","title":{"rendered":"Work Sample (2020-21)"},"content":{"rendered":" <\/p>\n Voter Suppression: Do We Blame The Constitution or Racism, or Are They One in the Same?<\/strong><\/p>\n The 2020 elections set many historical firsts for voting in the middle of a global pandemic, in the middle of a modern civil rights movement, and after four years of an unprecedented presidential experience. All of the anger, happiness, and loss culminated in Joe Biden winning the presidency in the unforeseen. The state of Georgia, which has historically voted for the Republican candidate, was one of the deciding electoral college votes to declare the victor. This shocked many people but truthfully, it was the result of a lot of hard work by activists and politicians encouraging people to vote and making sure everyone was protected when doing so. Not only did Georgia go blue for the presidency, it also elected Raphael Warnock, Georgia\u2019s first black senator, and Jon Ossoff, both Democrats. These senators also returned control of the Senate to Democrats as it split the legislature 50-50 with Kamala Harris, the first female, Southeast Asian, and black Vice President breaking the tie. There is no doubt that this election created huge shifts in the political landscape.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Legislators, mostly Republican, on the federal and state level also saw this dramatic change. In Georgia, Republicans in the state legislature passed a 98 page voting law package, filled with provisions that suppress the vote of Georgians, mostly black, living in urban areas, and low-income voters, the basis of current Democratic support. For example, the law would shorten the time in which you can request an absentee ballot, tighten the voter ID laws for absentee ballots, and lessen the amount of drop boxes in highly populated areas, among many other provisions (Corasaniti and Epstein). This phenomena isn\u2019t limited to Georgia but is spreading across the country as legislators are claiming it is for the safety of our elections. Despite the reasons or impetus for enacting such laws, they will ultimately discourage the votes of many citizens which by definition is voter suppression.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n This uprising of voting bills in the wake of the recent elections encourages many Americans to reexamine the foundations of our country. As Americans, we were always taught that voting is a fundamental right, that voting is an essential pillar of our government. However, watching state voter suppression bills unfold, leads us to question everything we thought about America. Why are people allowed to tailor our system to help some people and ignore others? Why is America still making it harder for people to vote?<\/span><\/p>\n The answers to these questions become much clearer when we read the Constitution. Firstly, the Tenth Amendment which reads, \u201cThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people\u201d (US Constitution). This amendment clearly gives power to the states when the Constitution does not give the federal government jurisdiction over the matter. For example, in Article I, Section 8, Congress has the power to lay and collect taxes, that is why we have a federal income tax. However, there is no mention of a federally controlled education system, therefore each state sets up their own curriculums. Secondly, in terms of elections, the only mention of such mechanisms is located in Article I, Section 4 which reads, \u201cThe Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators\u201d (US Constitution). So, as there is no power granted to the federal government to directly oversee election functions within the states, like the rules for voter registration or mail-in ballots, state legislatures write and pass their own seemingly fitting voting laws.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n While the framers did not intend for many of our modern problems to arise out of their revolutionary democratic republic, when they wrote this document they effectively opened the door for the laws we see today. The Constitution, as it was ratified in 1787, never made restrictive voter laws illegal nor condemned, at that point in time, individual states denying the vote to women or indigenous people. Furthermore, the Constitution never declares voting as a right for all people without infringement. It never guarantees voting as an inherent right. The lack of direction in the Constitution is a direct connection to the abuse of power by the states to suppress the vote, in history and today.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The writings in the Constitution provide a very strong argument for the direct causes of voter suppression. However, it doesn\u2019t take into account why legislators did it in the first place. Just because the Constitution may have passively allowed voter suppression doesn\u2019t explain why people acted upon it and took the opportunity. To explain the motivations behind legislators that support voter suppression, we can look at the most obvious point in history where people were consistently disenfranchised and that is Reconstruction and its response, Jim Crow.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Reconstruction was the time in history starting right after the Civil War, 1865, to the election of Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877. Reconstruction was marked by the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments which freed slaves, gave the enslaved citizenship, and Black men the right to vote, respectively. It was also a time of great political progress in the South, shifting away from the Confederate values towards African American representation in state Senates, the establishment of educational infrastructures for the black community, and a Republican control of the federal government (History.com Editors).<\/span><\/p>\n That change of African Americans gaining political and social power during Reconstruction inflamed many people\u2019s regressionary attitudes. The pushback against progress effectively ended Reconstruction through a series of compromises leading to the antithetical period of Jim Crow. Despite the methodology of ending Reconstruction, the motivation was fueled by racist, anti-progress attitudes, and a hunger for Democratic political control once again. Epperly and others, writing for Cambridge University Press, say \u201cThe suppression of Republican voting and the removal of a sufficient number of black and white Republicans from office through violence and intimidation meant that white Democratic \u201cRedeemers\u201d controlled law-making institutions in most Southern states by the late 1870s\u201d (Epperly et al.). Epperly and others\u2019 writings support the fact that Jim Crow was highly partisan. And, by reading historical accounts of Jim Crow, voter suppression was also highly motivated by racism. Democratic, not the Democratic party we know today, state legislatures passed laws requiring poll taxes and literacy tests as requirements to vote. Due to the backdrop of Jim Crow, most black people could not afford to pay the poll tax because they hadn\u2019t built personal wealth and could not read or write because they were formerly enslaved therefore barring them from voting. Poor and illiterate whites were also excluded from voting due to the same laws, however they disproportionately targeted black citizens (Solomon et al.). Soloman and others, in their article for the Center for American Progress, also write, \u201cWhite residents\u2014even those who were low income and illiterate\u2014were conveniently exempted from literacy tests thanks to \u201cgrandfather clauses,\u201d which allowed anyone who was eligible to vote prior to the 15th Amendment, along with their descendants, to vote in election\u201d.<\/span> The realities of history make it glaringly obvious that opposition to social and political progress was motivated by partisanship, to make the party of the Confederacy stronger, and racism, to dismantle the newly enfranchised population.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n In recent years but especially today in politics we are experiencing a similar transfer of power in the political landscape that can be seen during Reconstruction. Additionally, this trend, like post-Reconstruction, is producing similar disenfranchising and racist actions that reflect the attitudes of Jim Crow. More progressive and modern \u201cDemocratic\u201d ideas, although not confined to this label, are overwhelming the federal government due to the change in the presidency and both houses of Congress. More people are symbolically but also literally getting a seat at the table as the Biden Administration nominates, and the Senate passes, many historical firsts for the cabinet. Lloyd Austin, retired Army general and former Commander of the US Central Command, is the first black Secretary of Defense. Xavier Becerra is the first Latino to lead the Department of Health and Human Services, formerly California\u2019s attorney general. Pete Buttigeg, former mayor of South Bend, Indiana and presidential candidate, is the first out LGBTQ Cabinet secretary ever in history, as he serves as the Secretary of Transportation. Deb Haaland is the first Native American Cabinet secretary in history and serves as the Interior Secretary (Sullivan). This list could continue into the House and the Senate, but what is most important is people who oppose the values of such groundbreaking people are beginning to feel threatened by the power they now hold. Citizens, lobbyists, and politicians alike are finding that time and again, crucial voters, young voters, voters of color, of low-income areas, and those who are marginalized, are the deciding factors in many elections and are helping the country move towards diversity and representation. In the historic 2008 election of Barack Obama, young voters, ideologically marginalized voters, and low income voters were a decisive factor in his win (Rosentiel). In the 2020 election, urban voters, voters of color, and young voters were responsible for getting big electoral votes in states like Pennsylvania and Georgia, The Brookings Institution reports (Frey). It is the same shift in country-wide political attitudes and demographics within government that is fueling the response of voter suppression. Not just widespread disenfranchisement, but targeted attacks against the previously discussed deciding voters that started this political movement towards the left.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Many Democratic political figures and even President Biden have said specifically that Georgia\u2019s voter suppression bill is \u201cJim Crow in the 21st Century\u201d (Sullivan and Vazquez). However, Jamelle Bouie, political analyst for CBS News, writes in his op-ed for The New York Times that arguing \u201cyes\u201d to a repeat of Jim Crow is misleading and undeserving the realities of the problem just like arguing \u201cno\u201d is historically inaccurate. In his piece titled \u201cIf It\u2019s Not Jim Crow, What Is It?\u201d, Bouie argues that democracy does not bloom and fall overnight, but instead it is a growing body that continues to evolve with the time. The Constitution wasn\u2019t written the day independence was won, just as the Redeemers of the Reconstruction era didn\u2019t retake governments after the Election of 1877. He explains that \u201cNo particular restriction was decisive\u201d, that no law put the label of Jim Crow on this period of time until everything collided and created the intertwined political, social, cultural, and economic thing that is Jim Crow. Bouie writes, \u201cthe thing about Jim Crow is that it wasn\u2019t \u201cJim Crow\u201d until, one day, it was\u201d. This powerful piece of writing by Bouie speaks nothing but truth to the realities of the Georgia law. However, his op-ed about his interpretation of current events based on historical facts is just that, an opinion.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n While I find Jamelle Bouie\u2019s argument that history is rhyming very persuasive, in my own eyes I see history repeating itself. The state laws are truthfully Jim Crow adjacent, because poll taxes are outlawed in federal elections thanks to the 24th Amendment and there is no outright, widespread support for domestic terrorist groups that endangered black voters. However, the racism and motivations that fueled many of the current laws\u2019 creations and its support bases are similar if not exactly the same as the attitudes during Jim Crow.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Keith Bentele, <\/span>an Associate Research Professor with the Southwest Institute of Research on Women (SIROW) in the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Arizona and a doctor in sociology, and Erin O\u2019Brien, Associate Professor of Political Science at the College of Liberal Arts, UMass Boston and doctor in political science, conducted research to illuminate the motivations behind current voter suppression laws. Bentele and O\u2019B<\/span>rien used \u201cmultiple specialized regression approaches to examine factors associated with both the proposal and adoption of restrictive voter access legislation from 2006-2011\u201d. Although they focused on the past decade, the findings still ring true today. The results from their study show proposing and passing voter suppression legislation is \u201chighly partisan, strategic, and racialized affairs\u201d. They discovered this through their quantitative research but also by analyzing the impact of the voting restrictions after the 2008 election and their impact on the following 2012 election. The authors lean on another study to emphasize the racial and partisan manner of such laws, it states \u201cracial and ethnic minorities as well as Democrats were more likely to experience significantly longer waits [in the 2012 election]\u201d (Bentele and O\u2019Brien, 1104). The whole article supports ill-mannered incentives that are exactly the same as those during Jim Crow. White legislators at the state and federal level did not like the social and political change that enfranchising black men created, so they did the exact opposite and disenfranchised them. Bentele and O\u2019Brien even emphasize in their conclusion that \u201cthe recent wave of restrictive-access legislation is rooted in longstanding racial and classist motivations revived for modern deployment\u201d (Bentele and O\u2019Brien, 1106). So, Jamelle Bouie is correct in saying this is not Jim Crow in the 21st century because the physical mechanisms are different but he forgets to consider that the emotional and for lack of a better word, logical, reasoning continues to be the same thereby deploying voter suppression laws whether it is an exact replica of Jim Crow or not.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The roots of the problem, when looking at the country and its relation to the present, are very clear. Voter suppression is a child of the Constitution and Jim Crow era attitudes, which arguably are now modern attitudes. Therefore, there is no longer the question of, \u201cwhy is America still making it harder for people to vote?\u201d, because the answer is the Constitution allowed it and racism fueled it. Instead, the question should be, \u201chow do we fix it?\u201d. What is particularly interesting about this question is the appearance of a chicken or the egg situation. Do we rewrite the Constitution or try to fix the racist attitudes, which comes first, or are they the same phenomena?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Both are easier said than done because the Constitution and racism are so deeply ingrained in American society and attitudes. There have been attempts in the past to bring more federal jurisdiction to state election systems like the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, the response is the dismissal of systemic racial discrimination and Constitutional arguments in favor of the elections clause as seen in the case Shelby County v. Holder (\u201cShelby County v. Holder\u201d). Therefore, it is my belief that both racism and rewriting the Constitution need to be resolved at the same time or we will continue to see both systems shut down any semblance of progress as it has done time and again. There are many proposed solutions to making voting more representative of populations like ranked choice voting and split electoral votes. However, these solutions only address the problem of fair representation and not the bigger issue of people not making it to the ballot box at all.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The Constitution and racism are one in the same. They consistently and dually support the institutions that were created for the majority and halt progress for the minority. It is imperative, in order for voter suppression to become extinct, that both problems are addressed simultaneously. This is not small, reactive action but large, sweeping legislation to change the physical systems that allow voter suppression to happen. <\/span><\/p>\n Works Cited<\/span><\/p>\n Bentele, Keith G., and Erin E. O’Brien. “Jim Crow 2.0? Why States Consider and Adopt Restrictive Voter Access Policies.” <\/span>Perspectives on Politics<\/span><\/i>, vol. 11, no. 4, 2013, pp. 1088\u20131116. <\/span>JSTOR<\/span><\/i>, www.jstor.org\/stable\/43280932. Accessed 31 Mar. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n Bouie, Jamelle. “If It’s Not Jim Crow, What Is It?” <\/span>New York Times<\/span><\/i>, 6 Apr. 2021, www.nytimes.com\/2021\/04\/06\/opinion\/georgia-voting-law.html. Accessed 13 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n Corasaniti, Nick, and Reid J. Epstein. “What Georgia’s Voting Law Really Does.” New York Times, 2 Apr. 2021, www.nytimes.com\/2021\/04\/02\/us\/politics\/georgia-voting-law-annotated.html. Accessed 6 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n Epperly, Brad, et al. “Rule by Violence, Rule by Law: Lynching, Jim Crow, and the Continuing Evolution of Voter Suppression in the U.S.” <\/span>Perspectives on Politics<\/span><\/i>, vol. 18, no. 3, 2020, pp. 756\u2013769., doi:10.1017\/S1537592718003584.<\/span><\/p>\n Frey, William H. “Exit polls show both familiar and new voting blocs sealed Biden’s win.” <\/span>The Brookings Institution<\/span><\/i>, 12 Nov. 2020, www.brookings.edu\/research\/2020-exit-polls-show-a-scrambling-of-democrats-and-republicans-traditional-bases\/. Accessed 13 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n History.com Editors. “Reconstruction.” <\/span>HISTORY<\/span><\/i>, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009, www.history.com\/topics\/american-civil-war\/reconstruction. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n Rosentiel, Tom. “Inside Obama’s Sweeping Victory.” <\/span>Pew Research Center<\/span><\/i>, 5 Nov. 2008, www.pewresearch.org\/2008\/11\/05\/inside-obamas-sweeping-victory\/. Accessed 13 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n “Shelby County v. Holder.” <\/span>Oyez,<\/span><\/i> www.oyez.org\/cases\/2012\/12-96. Accessed 28 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n Solomon, Danyelle, et al. “Systematic Inequality and American Democracy.” <\/span>Center for American Progress<\/span><\/i>, 7 Aug. 2019, www.americanprogress.org\/issues\/race\/reports\/2019\/08\/07\/473003\/systematic-inequality-american-democracy\/. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n Sullivan, Kate. “Here are the historic firsts in Biden’s administration.” <\/span>CNN<\/span><\/i>, 30 Dec. 2020, www.cnn.com\/2020\/11\/30\/politics\/historic-firsts-biden-administration\/index.html. Accessed 13 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n Sullivan, Kate, and Maegan Vazquez. “Biden calls Georgia law ‘Jim Crow in the 21st Century’ and says Justice Department is ‘taking a look.'” <\/span>CNN<\/span><\/i>, 26 Mar. 2021, www.cnn.com\/2021\/03\/26\/politics\/joe-biden-georgia-voting-rights-bill\/index.html. Accessed 13 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n US Constitution. Amendment X. <\/span>National Constitution Center<\/span><\/i>, constitutioncenter.org\/interactive-constitution\/amendment\/amendment-x. Accessed 7 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n US Constitution. Art. I, sec. IV. <\/span>National Archives<\/span><\/i>, www.archives.gov\/founding-docs\/constitution-transcript. Accessed 8 Apr. 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Project 3 from WRT-101-022 Prompt: An essay about a contemporary challenge or problem that has significant roots in history. Essentially, you will tell a story about the past that illuminates the present. Voter Suppression: Do We Blame The Constitution or Racism, or Are They One in the Same? The 2020 elections set many historical … Continue reading Work Sample (2020-21)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3362,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-19","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3362"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":16,"date":"2020-07-06T19:47:35","date_gmt":"2020-07-06T19:47:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/spatemplate\/?page_id=16"},"modified":"2022-12-10T17:36:42","modified_gmt":"2022-12-10T17:36:42","slug":"about-me","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/","title":{"rendered":"About Me"},"content":{"rendered":" Hello! My name is Grace Musilli and I am a senior at American University. I am from Wantage, New Jersey, a small town in the tri-state area but have fallen in love with Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n My major is Interdisciplinary Studies: Communications, Legal Institutions, Economics, and Government (CLEG). I am also enrolled in a BA\/Masters in Education Policy and Leadership with American’s School of Education.<\/p>\n In addition to being part of the School of Public Affairs’ Leadership Program, I am a member of the Politics, Policy, and Law (PPL) three year scholars program. I excited by all the opportunities SPA Leadership has given me and am happy to share my experiences with you.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Hello! My name is Grace Musilli and I am a senior at American University. I am from Wantage, New Jersey, a small town in the tri-state area but have fallen in love with Washington, D.C. My major is Interdisciplinary Studies: Communications, Legal Institutions, Economics, and Government (CLEG). I am also enrolled in a BA\/Masters in … Continue reading About Me<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3362,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3362"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":13,"date":"2020-07-06T19:47:35","date_gmt":"2020-07-06T19:47:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/spatemplate\/?page_id=13"},"modified":"2022-12-10T17:25:45","modified_gmt":"2022-12-10T17:25:45","slug":"resume","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/resume\/","title":{"rendered":"Link to Resume!"},"content":{"rendered":"A summary of your completed team project<\/h2>\n
A reflection on the team dynamics of your group during the implementation phase of your project<\/h2>\n
A reflection on your growth as a leader at American University this past academic year<\/h2>\n
Project 3 from WRT-101-022<\/h1>\n
Prompt: An essay about a <\/span>contemporary<\/span> challenge or problem that has <\/span>significant <\/span>roots in history<\/span>. Essentially, you will tell a <\/span>story about the past that illuminates the present.<\/span><\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/gm4112a\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1679\/2020\/10\/Headshot-225x300.jpg\")
<\/p>\n