[{"id":57,"date":"2020-12-17T20:28:50","date_gmt":"2020-12-17T20:28:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/?page_id=57"},"modified":"2020-12-17T20:49:24","modified_gmt":"2020-12-17T20:49:24","slug":"wto-resources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wto-resources\/","title":{"rendered":"WTO Resources"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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WTO Trade Flows and Trade Disputes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The data used in:<\/p>

\u201cTrade Agreements and Enforcement: Evidence from WTO Dispute Settlement<\/a>,\u201d (with Chad P. Bown), American Economic Journal: Economic Policy<\/em>, 2017, 9(4): 64-100.<\/p>

\u201cTrade Flows and Trade Disputes<\/a>,\u201d (with Chad P. Bown), Review of International Organizations<\/em>, 2015, 10(2): 145-177.<\/p>

can be downloaded from the World Bank at:<\/p>

https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/dataset\/wps6979-trade-flows-and-trade-disputes<\/a><\/p>

It maps information on the policies that triggered WTO dispute settlement actions between 1995 and 2011 to highly disaggregated, product-level trade data so as to potentially learn from more precise measures of market access. This mapping includes three important elements i) information on the timing of the respondent\u2019s policy change which triggered the dispute; ii) information on the different types of WTO-violating policies imposed, particularly whether they are \u2018global\u2019 policies (imposed against all trading partners) or \u2018partial\u2019 policies (imposed against a subset of trading partners); and iii) the value, volume, and calculated unit values of imports from all trading partners directly impacted by the respondent\u2019s policy change<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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WTO Dispute Settlement Case Law Project<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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I have had the privilege of taking part in the WTO Dispute Settlement Case Law Project over the past four years.\u00a0 The project brings together lawyers and economists to jointly assess the previous year’s WTO case law.\u00a0 Final versions of the papers are published in an annual special issue of World Trade Review.\u00a0<\/a> <\/p>

My contributions include the following papers:<\/p>

Article 21.5 DSU Appellate Body Report United States\u2014Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint): Spillovers from Defense R&D Add to the Tug-of-War Between Panels and the WTO Appellate Body<\/a> (with Jennifer Hillman)<\/p>

\u201cChina \u2013 Cellulose Pulp: China\u2019s Quest to Satisfy WTO Panels and the Appellate Body,\u201d (with T. Yanguas), World Trade Review<\/em>, 2019, 18(2): 263-285.<\/p>

\u201cRussia\u2014Tariff Treatment: Identifying Systematic Violations of WTO Law,\u201d (with Boris Rigod), World Trade Review<\/em>, 2018, 17(2): 291-312.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

WTO Trade Flows and Trade Disputes The data used in: \u201cTrade Agreements and Enforcement: Evidence from WTO Dispute Settlement,\u201d (with Chad P. Bown), American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2017, 9(4): 64-100. \u201cTrade Flows and Trade Disputes,\u201d (with Chad P. Bown), Review of International Organizations, 2015, 10(2): 145-177. can be downloaded from the World Bank at: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2498,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-57","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2498"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":53,"date":"2020-12-17T20:26:35","date_gmt":"2020-12-17T20:26:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/?page_id=53"},"modified":"2020-12-17T20:26:35","modified_gmt":"2020-12-17T20:26:35","slug":"teaching","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/teaching\/","title":{"rendered":"Teaching"},"content":{"rendered":"

I am on sabbatical in AY2020\/21, but normally teach microeconomic theory and international trade at the undergraduate and graduate level.\u00a0 Students interested can find more information on my current courses below.<\/p>\n

ECON-671- International Economics: Trade<\/strong><\/p>\n

This is a graduate introduction to the economics of international trade.We will cover a broad array of relevant topics, emphasizing the predictions of theoretical models and how well those models fit the \u201creal world\u201d data empirically. We will begin with a review of the leading theories of international trade, including what those theories predict about the direction of trade flows and the welfare consequences of trade. We will then delve into the causes and consequences of various forms of trade protection, with a particular focus this semester on trade wars. The final third of the semester will overview a number of important topics in international trade, including the function of regional and multilateral trade organizations in the global economic system.<\/p>\n

Syllabus<\/a><\/p>\n

Empirical Assignment<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I am on sabbatical in AY2020\/21, but normally teach microeconomic theory and international trade at the undergraduate and graduate level.\u00a0 Students interested can find more information on my current courses below. ECON-671- International Economics: Trade This is a graduate introduction to the economics of international trade.We will cover a broad array of relevant topics, emphasizing […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2498,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-53","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/53","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2498"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/53\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":49,"date":"2020-12-17T20:14:56","date_gmt":"2020-12-17T20:14:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/?page_id=49"},"modified":"2021-06-08T17:46:37","modified_gmt":"2021-06-08T17:46:37","slug":"working-papers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/working-papers\/","title":{"rendered":"Recent Working Papers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Casualties of Trade Wars: Distributional Costs of the Section 301 Tariffs Against China<\/a><\/p>\n

Between 2018 and 2020, the United States imposed massive new tariffs under a variety of trade laws, most notably the Section 301 tariffs against China.\u00a0 This new protection is extensive in magnitude and breadth; tariffs range from 10 to 30 percent and cover 50 percent of US consumer imports from China and 16 percent of total US consumer imports.\u00a0 Using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, I estimate that these tariffs cost the average US household at least $160 per year.\u00a0 I further find that the new taxes are highly regressive; the lowest income consumers pay more than 1.2 percent of their after-tax income to fight these trade wars, while the wealthiest consumers pay just 0.18 percent of their after-tax income.\u00a0 I find additional evidence that women and parents are paying an unfair share of efforts to put America first.\u00a0 While the current Administration has proposed to raise taxes on the wealthy to make the US tax system fairer, they should also eliminate tariffs which place undue burdens on the most vulnerable in our society.<\/p>\n

Casualties of Trade Wars<\/a> (with Benjamin Liebman)<\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong> Although trade wars have existed throughout modern history, there is little empirical evidence as to how countries choose which industries to target for retaliatory tariffs. We develop a political economy model of trade policy to explain a country\u2019s choice of product for retaliation and test the implications of this model using the choices of seven countries in two retaliation episodes: (1) the US imposition of steel and aluminum tariffs in 2018 and (2) the US passage of the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act (CDSOA) in 2000.\u00a0 The empirical results from a binary choice regression indicate that countries are more likely to sanction products with higher trade values and those in which they can extract terms-of-trade welfare, suggesting that trade wars move countries back to a terms-of-trade driven prisoner\u2019s dilemma equilibrium.\u00a0 We find a significant amount of heterogeneity in the degree to which countries consider the political importance of the industry when developing their retaliation list; while countries such as the EU and Canada clearly targeted politically important industries in 2018, we find little evidence that emerging markets did so.\u00a0 There is also little evidence that the EU and Canada targeted politically important industries in retaliation against the CDSOA.<\/p>\n

Article 21.5 DSU Appellate Body Report United States\u2014Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint): Spillovers from Defense R&D Add to the Tug-of-War Between Panels and the WTO Appellate Body<\/a>\u00a0(with Jennifer Hillman)<\/p>\n

Abstract:<\/strong> The March 2019 release of the Appellate Body\u2019s compliance report in United States– Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (Second Complaint) <\/em>marks yet another chapter in the ongoing Boeing-Airbus dispute.\u00a0 While raising numerous new and old subsidy issues, this paper focuses on one specific aspect, the evaluation of the financial contributions and benefits associated with the Department of Defense (DOD) R&D procurement contracts. \u00a0The paper describes the differing views taken by the panels compared to the Appellate Body.\u00a0 It highlights two issues that led to an extremely lengthy proceeding: 1) the black or white nature of the decision regarding \u00a0the \u00a0characterization of contracts which have features of both purchases of services and joint ventures; and 2) the difficulty in demonstrating a financial contribution flowing from payments for R&D for military systems to Boeing\u2019s civil aircraft production.\u00a0 It concludes that this case represents a failure of the WTO dispute settlement system and underscores flaws in the ASCM in that after fifteen years of litigation, no determination was made as to whether or not the DOD R&D contracts examined here constituted impermissible subsidies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Casualties of Trade Wars: Distributional Costs of the Section 301 Tariffs Against China Between 2018 and 2020, the United States imposed massive new tariffs under a variety of trade laws, most notably the Section 301 tariffs against China.\u00a0 This new protection is extensive in magnitude and breadth; tariffs range from 10 to 30 percent and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2498,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2498"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/49\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":39,"date":"2020-12-17T19:25:19","date_gmt":"2020-12-17T19:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/?page_id=39"},"modified":"2020-12-17T20:59:26","modified_gmt":"2020-12-17T20:59:26","slug":"kara-m-reynolds","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/","title":{"rendered":"About Me"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kara Reynolds is a Professor in the Department of Economics at American University.\u00a0 She studies the political economy of international trade policy and welfare impacts of globalization.\u00a0 Specific research interests include the World Trade Organization’s dispute settlement system, antidumping protection, Trade Adjustment Assistance, and the impact of globalization on innovation.\u00a0 Her current research project analyzes the determinants of trade policy preferences, and particularly why opposition to trade liberalization efforts seems to be growing in the United States and abroad.<\/p>\n

Curriculum Vita<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Department of Economics<\/a>
\nAmerican University
\n4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
\nWashington, DC 20016
\nE-mail: reynolds@american.edu<\/a>
\nTelephone: (202) 885-3768<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kara Reynolds is a Professor in the Department of Economics at American University.\u00a0 She studies the political economy of international trade policy and welfare impacts of globalization.\u00a0 Specific research interests include the World Trade Organization’s dispute settlement system, antidumping protection, Trade Adjustment Assistance, and the impact of globalization on innovation.\u00a0 Her current research project analyzes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2498,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-39","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2498"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/39\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":2,"date":"2020-12-16T19:46:27","date_gmt":"2020-12-16T19:46:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2020-12-17T21:52:37","modified_gmt":"2020-12-17T21:52:37","slug":"sample-page","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/sample-page\/","title":{"rendered":"Blog"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

This is an example page. It’s different from a blog post because it will stay in one place and will show up in your site navigation (in most themes). Most people start with an About page that introduces them to potential site visitors. It might say something like this:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n

Hi there! I’m a bike messenger by day, aspiring actor by night, and this is my website. I live in Los Angeles, have a great dog named Jack, and I like pi\u00f1a coladas. (And gettin’ caught in the rain.)<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

…or something like this:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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The XYZ Doohickey Company was founded in 1971, and has been providing quality doohickeys to the public ever since. Located in Gotham City, XYZ employs over 2,000 people and does all kinds of awesome things for the Gotham community.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

As a new WordPress user, you should go to your dashboard<\/a> to delete this page and create new pages for your content. Have fun!<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This is an example page. It’s different from a blog post because it will stay in one place and will show up in your site navigation (in most themes). Most people start with an About page that introduces them to potential site visitors. It might say something like this: Hi there! I’m a bike messenger […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2498,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2498"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/reynolds\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]