[{"id":661,"date":"2026-02-06T13:38:48","date_gmt":"2026-02-06T19:38:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=661"},"modified":"2026-02-06T13:39:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-06T19:39:50","slug":"volumes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/volumes\/","title":{"rendered":"Volumes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In three volumes, <em>The Correspondence of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore<\/em> will feature letters written by or to those men from 1844 to 1853. The <a href=\"https:\/\/utpress.org\/\">University of Tennessee Press<\/a> will publish them in hardcover. Rotunda, the University of Virginia&#8217;s digital imprint, will publish them in a searchable online edition as part of its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.upress.virginia.edu\/series\/ADHC\/\">American Documentary History Collection<\/a>. Each volume, one after its print and digital publication, will be issued as an open-access pdf in the <a href=\"https:\/\/aura.american.edu\">American University Research Archive<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Coming in August 2026!<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-648\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2025\/12\/Cover-smaller-file.jpeg\" alt=\"cover of book with portraits of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore and title &quot;The Correspondence of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore, Volume 1, January 1844\u2013June 1848&quot;\" width=\"439\" height=\"650\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2025\/12\/Cover-smaller-file.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2025\/12\/Cover-smaller-file-203x300.jpeg 203w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2025\/12\/Cover-smaller-file-692x1024.jpeg 692w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Volume 1,\u00a0<em>January 1844\u2013June 1848<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Available for preorder from the <a href=\"https:\/\/utpress.org\/title\/the-correspondence-of-zachary-taylor-and-millard-fillmore\/\">University of Tennessee Press<\/a> or your favorite bookstore<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cBudding treason insists on extending the slave territory, and if it can not, threatens dissolution of this glorious union.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: right\">\u2014Millard Fillmore, June 22, 1844<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0\u201cWar even when carried on in the mildest &amp; most humane manner possible, is a scourge to any Nation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;text-align: right\">\u2014Zachary Taylor, January 5, 1848<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">This series features letters written by or to Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore, the twelfth (1849\u201350) and thirteenth (1850\u201353) presidents of the United States. It begins in 1844, when they became prominent national figures. It will continue through Taylor\u2019s death in the White House and end, in 1853, with Fillmore\u2019s political retirement. The letters document diverse perspectives on a growing and divided nation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">In that decade, the United States expanded its boundaries while advancing toward civil war. Americans debated Caribbean and European revolutions, import tariff adjustments, a global cholera pandemic, the sale of alcohol, and Indigenous peoples\u2019 expulsion from the East. Presidents Taylor and Fillmore worked with Congress on the Compromise of 1850, an attempt to bridge the widening rift over the status of western territories and the enslavement of Black Americans.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Volume 1 begins with the two men\u2019s emergence as national leaders and ends with their nominations as president and vice president. In 1844\u201345 Taylor, a Baton Rouge\u2013based cotton planter and army general, gathered troops near the US border with Texas. He soon led them into that republic, which the United States aimed to annex, then into Mexico, which still claimed Texas. In 1846\u201347 Taylor commanded forces in the Mexican-American War. That concluded in 1848 with the US acquisition of half of Mexico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fillmore, a Buffalo lawyer and former congressman, failed in his bids in 1844 for the vice presidency and the New York governorship. He nonetheless contributed to the debate about Texas annexation and slavery. He became founding chancellor of the University of Buffalo in 1846 and won election as state comptroller in 1847. In the latter role, he enforced treaties with Native peoples and state laws affecting taxes, religion, and public schools.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400\">In June 1848 the Whig Party paired these very different men on its presidential ticket. This volume comprises their incoming and outgoing letters about war, immigration, voting, art, literature, gender, agriculture, technology, medicine, and more. Many discuss the people forced to labor on Taylor\u2019s Mississippi plantation and his skepticism of partisanship and presidential authority. The letters\u2019 authors range from the powerful and famous to the vulnerable and obscure. Over all loom questions of slavery, expansion, and the survival of the Union.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In three volumes, The Correspondence of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore will feature letters written by or to those men from 1844 to 1853. The University of Tennessee Press will publish them in hardcover. Rotunda, the University of Virginia&#8217;s digital imprint, will publish them in a searchable online edition as part of its American Documentary [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-661","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/661","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=661"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/661\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":536,"date":"2024-03-04T14:13:11","date_gmt":"2024-03-04T20:13:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=536"},"modified":"2025-10-06T10:11:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T15:11:39","slug":"advisory-board","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/advisory-board\/","title":{"rendered":"Advisory Board"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_93\" style=\"width: 726px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-93\" class=\"wp-image-93 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/02\/Taylor-Cabinet-LoC-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"716\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/02\/Taylor-Cabinet-LoC-cropped.jpg 716w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/02\/Taylor-Cabinet-LoC-cropped-300x150.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-93\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;President Taylor and His Cabinet,&#8221; lithograph from drawing by Francis D&#8217;Avignon, from daguerreotypes by Mathew B. Brady, 1849 (Library of Congress)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>David C. Barker (Cochair)<br \/>\nAmerican University<br \/>\nExpertise: US politics, congressional and presidential studies<\/p>\n<p>Rachelle Moyer Francis (Cochair)<br \/>\nAurora Historical Society\/Millard Fillmore Presidential Site<br \/>\nExpertise: public history, elementary education<\/p>\n<p>Sheila Blackford<br \/>\nMiller Center at the University of Virginia<br \/>\nExpertise: information sciences, presidents<\/p>\n<p>Michael W. Fitzgerald<br \/>\nSt. Olaf College<br \/>\nExpertise: history of race, Southern politics<\/p>\n<p>Carlton Houston<br \/>\ndescendant of Zachary Taylor and Annie (enslaved woman); Instagram storyteller @myhistoryvibe<br \/>\nExpertise: communications, Black genealogy<\/p>\n<p>Barbara Alice Mann<br \/>\nUniversity of Toledo<br \/>\nExpertise: Indigenous culture and history, Black culture and history, presidents<\/p>\n<p>Aaron L. Mason<br \/>\nNorthwestern Oklahoma State University<br \/>\nExpertise: citizenship studies, presidents, Indigenous history<\/p>\n<p>Matthew Reeves<br \/>\nJames Madison\u2019s Montpelier<br \/>\nExpertise: archaeology, slavery<\/p>\n<p>Constance B. Schulz<br \/>\nUniversity of South Carolina<br \/>\nExpertise: documentary editing, public history, US women\u2019s and Revolutionary Era history<\/p>\n<p>Elizabeth Lorelei Thacker-Estrada<br \/>\nInstitute for Historical Study<br \/>\nExpertise: library science, history of women and first ladies<\/p>\n<p>Jonathan W. White<br \/>\nChristopher Newport University<br \/>\nExpertise: Black history, presidential history, documentary editing<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; David C. Barker (Cochair) American University Expertise: US politics, congressional and presidential studies Rachelle Moyer Francis (Cochair) Aurora Historical Society\/Millard Fillmore Presidential Site Expertise: public history, elementary education Sheila Blackford Miller Center at the University of Virginia Expertise: information sciences, presidents Michael W. Fitzgerald St. Olaf College Expertise: history of race, Southern politics Carlton [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-536","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/536","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=536"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/536\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=536"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":418,"date":"2022-08-18T11:31:42","date_gmt":"2022-08-18T16:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=418"},"modified":"2026-03-13T15:56:51","modified_gmt":"2026-03-13T20:56:51","slug":"videos","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/videos\/","title":{"rendered":"Videos &amp; Podcasts"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We aim to share knowledge of Taylor, Fillmore, their letters, and antebellum America as widely as possible. Here you can watch videos and hear podcasts that resulted from our outreach efforts. (Scroll down for our <em>Jeopardy!<\/em> appearance.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/p-7_bU7yFgU?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<p>On the August 1, 2025, episode of <em>Kentucky Chronicles<\/em>, the podcast of the Kentucky Historical Society, host Daniel Burge spoke with Michael Cohen, our editor and director. They discussed, on &#8220;The President Buried in Kentucky,&#8221; Zachary Taylor, his letters in the collections at KHS, and the work of the Taylor-Fillmore project.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: American POTUS - Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore featuring Michael Cohen\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/1RyjdiLE5QcNKTfVv65pxs?si=j1G0NoA_TcSho94PolRo-g&amp;utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>On the May 30, 2025, episode of the <em>American POTUS<\/em> podcast, host Alan Lowe discussed Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore with Dr. Cohen. The conversation covers the men&#8217;s early careers, their presidencies, Taylor&#8217;s death, and Fillmore&#8217;s life after the White House.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/x8iuVQIbC_8?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/p>\n<p>On the February 21, 2024, episode of the <em>American History Gazette<\/em> podcast, host Jake Suggs spoke with Dr. Cohen about Zachary Taylor&#8217;s life and career. Their conversation covers topics from Taylor&#8217;s birth in Virginia to his careers as enslaver and army officer to his sudden illness and death in the White House.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FDtZLd8ejiI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<p>On the February 15, 2024, episode of the <em>Myhistoryvibe<\/em> podcast, host Carlton Houston spoke with Dr. Cohen about the Taylor-Fillmore project and Zachary Taylor&#8217;s relationships with the Black Americans he enslaved. Mr. Houston, a communications professional and a member of our Advisory Board, is a descendant of Taylor and an enslaved woman named Annie.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: President Millard Fillmore: The Most Handsome President?\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"152\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/episode\/0n5TtXZ8bVYTYAJmIMWY9E?go=1&amp;sp_cid=a61570fa70a327c6d68f3139ec8d37b3&amp;utm_source=oembed&amp;utm_medium=desktop\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>On the January 18, 2024, episode of the <em>American History Hit<\/em> podcast, host Don Wildman spoke with Dr. Cohen about Millard Fillmore. This episode was part of a series on each of the presidents. Titled &#8220;President Millard Fillmore: The Most Handsome President?,&#8221; the discussion covers much more than Fillmore&#8217;s appearance.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Y-EsmTeA118?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<p>In June 2023, the Taylor-Fillmore project and the Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies hosted the annual conference of the Association for Documentary Editing. That gathering of professionals who expand access to primary historical documents included a roundtable session, on June 23, titled &#8220;Still Important Today: Recognizing Historical Patterns in the Present.&#8221; Dr. Cohen joined other editors to discuss connections between the past and the present; his comments focused on the blog on this website. C-SPAN covered this session on American History Television, so you can also watch it and check for upcoming TV broadcasts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/video\/?528933-2\/historical-patterns-present\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uoRuLWoZ8tI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<p>On November 18, 2022, historians and legal scholars gathered at the University of St. Thomas School of Law for its Symposium on Constitutionalism. In a session on &#8220;Constitutional History,&#8221; Dr. Cohen discussed Taylor&#8217;s use of the Constitution during the Mexican-American War and his campaign for the White House. This video includes the whole symposium (see the <a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2023\/01\/JLPP-Fall-Symposium-Schedule.pdf\">program<\/a>). The history session begins at 1:36:20; Dr. Cohen&#8217;s talk, at 2:24:04.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pXfPTVkN_7M?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<p>On June 11, 2022, Dr. Cohen joined other documentary editors at the American Political History Conference for a roundtable on \u201cEditing Documents in US Political History.\u201d He, Jack McKivigan, Neal Millikan, William diGiacomantonio, and Michael E. Woods discussed the process of editing, primary source editions&#8217; value to understanding history, and their projects&#8217; relationships with students and the public.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IZ5W8clGneI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<p>On March 22, 2022, Dr. Cohen delivered the Annual Presidential Lecture at Northwestern Oklahoma State University. In conversation with Aaron L. Mason, co-director of NWOSU&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nwosu.edu\/school-of-arts-and-sciences\/social-sciences\/nwics\">Institute for Citizenship Studies<\/a>, he discussed the lives and presidencies of\u2014of course\u2014Taylor and Fillmore. (You can see past Presidential Lectures, including another by Dr. Cohen, on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLACD2E50FC5A37D67\">NWOSU&#8217;s YouTube channel<\/a>.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/american0-my.sharepoint.com\/:v:\/g\/personal\/mdcohen_american_edu\/IQBjQoMzLGtNTZJnmFmWhsK7AaTYuAe1AiBHk76w37zJbMU\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-383 size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2022\/03\/Jeopardy-MF-Category-Screenshot-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Category title &quot;A Few Moments with Millard Fillmore&quot;\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2022\/03\/Jeopardy-MF-Category-Screenshot-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2022\/03\/Jeopardy-MF-Category-Screenshot-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2022\/03\/Jeopardy-MF-Category-Screenshot-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2022\/03\/Jeopardy-MF-Category-Screenshot-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2022\/03\/Jeopardy-MF-Category-Screenshot.png 1630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The March 14, 2022, episode of <em>Jeopardy!<\/em> featured the category &#8220;A Few Moments with Millard Fillmore.&#8221; We provided the answer-and-question show with research for a clue on Fillmore&#8217;s correspondence with Taylor. Host Ken Jennings even gave us a shout out! Can you respond correctly to these Fillmorish clues?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"720\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/I6Dnyt4unGs?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<p>On the October 20, 2020, episode of <em>The Legal Edition<\/em>, Dr. Cohen spoke with host Mary Kay Elloian about race, slavery, and presidents in the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We aim to share knowledge of Taylor, Fillmore, their letters, and antebellum America as widely as possible. Here you can watch videos and hear podcasts that resulted from our outreach efforts. (Scroll down for our Jeopardy! appearance.) &nbsp; On the August 1, 2025, episode of Kentucky Chronicles, the podcast of the Kentucky Historical Society, host [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-418","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=418"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/418\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":351,"date":"2022-01-10T09:33:28","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:33:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=351"},"modified":"2025-08-15T15:27:46","modified_gmt":"2025-08-15T20:27:46","slug":"teaching-guide-texas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas\/","title":{"rendered":"Teaching Guide: Primary Source Analysis on Texas Annexation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The Correspondence of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore is a project of American University\u2019s Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies. It aims to render primary sources in antebellum US history accessible to students, teachers, scholars, and the general public. To that end, the project\u2019s editors are locating all extant letters written by or to the twelfth and thirteenth presidents from 1844 to 1853, the decade preceding and including their administrations. In the coming years the editors will publish approximately 1,100 letters, with explanatory annotations, in three print and digital volumes. Volume 1 is due out in 2025 or 2026. This work is made possible by generous support from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission, The Summerlee Foundation, the Watson-Brown Foundation, The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation, Delaplaine Foundation, Inc., and the William G. Pomeroy Foundation. For more information, please explore this website or follow the project on LinkedIn at @taylorandfillmore.<\/p>\n<p>As the Taylor-Fillmore project continues work on its first volume, it is releasing this teaching guide containing four letters for use in eleventh or twelfth grade courses in US history. One of the key topics of US history in the 1840s is the annexation of Texas, which became a US state in 1845. Millard Fillmore, a lawyer and teacher from the Buffalo, NY, area, had served in Congress in 1833\u201335 and 1837\u201343; he would become vice president in 1849 and, upon the death of President Zachary Taylor, would become president in 1850. Though a private citizen in the mid-1840s, Fillmore corresponded with politicians and others about Texas. His letters reveal the issues dividing Americans over annexation and the larger question of slavery.<\/p>\n<p>Teachers can use these letters, with the accompanying introductions and assignments, to lead students in a primary source analysis. By reading the original words of Americans engaged in the debate over Texas annexation, students will learn both about the questions that divided Americans before the Civil War and about the value of primary sources for understanding the past. The analysis, as indicated in the guidance at the beginning of each of the three assignments, can be conducted over either two or three classroom sessions. Teachers who have feedback on this guide are welcome to contact Michael David Cohen, editor of the Taylor-Fillmore project, at <a href=\"mailto:mdcohen@american.edu\">mdcohen@american.edu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"space\"><strong>Reading Assignment 1: As homework, students will read the following two letters from 1844, before the US annexation of Texas, including the introductions. Then, in class, the teacher will help them to analyze the sources through a discussion guided by the accompanying questions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part1\/\">Millard Fillmore to Abraham J. Lyon et al., June 22, 1844<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part1-continued\/\">George Watterston to Millard Fillmore, October 19, 1844<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part1-questions\/\">Questions for Classroom Discussion<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"fll\"><strong>Reading Assignment 2: As homework, students will read the following letter from 1845, after Congress had approved annexation. This time they will begin the source analysis themselves. As part of their homework, they will answer the accompanying questions with several sentences each. The writing assignment need not be graded, but will form the basis of a discussion led by the teacher.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part2\/\">Stephen C. Phillips et al. to Millard Fillmore, June 25, 1845<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part2-questions\/\">Questions for Analysis<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"fll\"><strong>Reading Assignment 3. This short assignment can be completed either immediately after the discussion of the previous assignment or on the next day. Students, in class, will read this letter from 1848, after annexation had been completed and Fillmore had been nominated for national office. In discussion, they will consider how this letter impacts their understanding of the earlier ones.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part3\/\">Millard Fillmore to Nathan K. Hall, June 15, 1848<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part3-questions\/\">Questions for Classroom Discussion<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\">This complete teaching guide is also available as a downloadable and printable pdf file.<\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2022\/01\/Fillmore-Texas-Teaching-Guide.pdf\">Click Here to Download<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-194 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/nhprc\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-77\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/02\/nhprc-logo-239x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"160\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/02\/nhprc-logo-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/02\/nhprc-logo.jpg 588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px\" \/><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Correspondence of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore is a project of American University\u2019s Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies. It aims to render primary sources in antebellum US history accessible to students, teachers, scholars, and the general public. To that end, the project\u2019s editors are locating all extant letters written by or to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-351","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=351"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/351\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=351"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":358,"date":"2022-01-10T09:33:06","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:33:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=358"},"modified":"2022-01-10T09:33:06","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:33:06","slug":"teaching-guide-texas-part3-questions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part3-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"Questions for Classroom Discussion of Part 3"},"content":{"rendered":"<ol>\n<li class=\"fll\">Fillmore denies that he helped Black Americans escape to Canada. Do you believe him? If so, why did someone make the false assertion? If not, why did Fillmore deny the truth?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">What do the campaign assertion and Fillmore\u2019s denial suggest about voters\u2019 attitudes toward slavery, Black Americans, and the Underground Railroad?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">Are Fillmore\u2019s opinions in this letter consistent with those in his letter to Abraham J. Lyon et al. in 1844? Does this letter from 1848 either help you to interpret or change your interpretation of any of the letters from 1844\u201345?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">What other sources might help you to answer these questions or to understand the events discussed in the letters?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Fillmore denies that he helped Black Americans escape to Canada. Do you believe him? If so, why did someone make the false assertion? If not, why did Fillmore deny the truth? What do the campaign assertion and Fillmore\u2019s denial suggest about voters\u2019 attitudes toward slavery, Black Americans, and the Underground Railroad? Are Fillmore\u2019s opinions in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-358","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=358"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/358\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":354,"date":"2022-01-10T09:32:38","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:32:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=354"},"modified":"2022-01-10T09:32:38","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:32:38","slug":"teaching-guide-texas-part1-questions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part1-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"Questions for Classroom Discussion of Part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<ol>\n<li class=\"fll\">In Fillmore\u2019s and Watterston\u2019s views, what major issues divided Americans in 1844?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">What do these letters reveal about the political positions of the Whig and Democratic Parties at the time? Where did each party stand on the issues you identified in the previous question?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">What campaign methods did Americans use back then? In what ways did campaigning for president in 1844 resemble or differ from campaigning today?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">Why did some Americans want to annex Texas? Why did others oppose it?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">What criticisms did Fillmore and Watterston make about slavery? Whom did they think it hurt? Did they consider it morally wrong or want to abolish it?<\/li>\n<li class=\"fll\">These letters feature the words of only two individuals (plus a third whom Watterston quotes). How much can they tell us about Americans\u2019 opinions more broadly? In other words, which groups\u2019 perspectives do these letters reveal? Which groups\u2019 do they not reveal? How could we learn those people\u2019s perspectives?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Fillmore\u2019s and Watterston\u2019s views, what major issues divided Americans in 1844? What do these letters reveal about the political positions of the Whig and Democratic Parties at the time? Where did each party stand on the issues you identified in the previous question? What campaign methods did Americans use back then? In what ways [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-354","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=354"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/354\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":356,"date":"2022-01-10T09:32:11","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:32:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=356"},"modified":"2022-01-10T09:32:11","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:32:11","slug":"teaching-guide-texas-part2-questions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part2-questions\/","title":{"rendered":"Questions for Analysis of Part 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Analyze this primary source by answering these questions in 2\u20135 sentences each:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Why did Phillips and his associates oppose the US annexation of Texas?<\/li>\n<li>What criticisms did they make of slavery? How did their opinions about slavery resemble or differ from those of Fillmore and George Watterston?<\/li>\n<li>How far were they willing to go to oppose annexation or slavery? What were they willing to sacrifice?<\/li>\n<li>What does this letter tell us about newspapers (\u201cthe Press\u201d) in the 1840s? What role did newspapers play in politics?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyze this primary source by answering these questions in 2\u20135 sentences each: Why did Phillips and his associates oppose the US annexation of Texas? What criticisms did they make of slavery? How did their opinions about slavery resemble or differ from those of Fillmore and George Watterston? How far were they willing to go to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-356","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/356","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=356"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/356\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=356"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":357,"date":"2022-01-10T09:31:53","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:31:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=357"},"modified":"2022-01-10T09:31:53","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:31:53","slug":"teaching-guide-texas-part3","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part3\/","title":{"rendered":"Millard Fillmore and Texas Annexation, Part 3"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Texas did agree to annexation, and opponents such as Stephen C. Phillips failed to prevent it. In December 1845 Texas became a US state with slavery legal. But the debate over slavery continued for another fifteen years, until the Civil War. One factor in the debate was the Underground Railroad, a network of Black and White Americans who helped enslaved Blacks escape into free states or into Mexico or Canada, both of which had abolished slavery. In 1848 Fillmore got national attention when the Whig Party nominated him as vice president. In this letter to Nathan K. Hall, his former law partner and a Whig congressman, Fillmore responds to an assertion during the campaign that he has participated in the Underground Railroad. His misspells the name of Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, a Whig who lived in Washington, DC, and enslaved Blacks on plantations in Virginia and Alabama.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>MILLARD FILLMORE TO NATHAN K. HALL<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Albany June 15&#8243; 1848.<\/p>\n<p>Dear Hall,<\/p>\n<p>I have received a letter from my esteemed friend, Benjamin Ogle Taylor, Eq, of Washington, saying that a vile story had been circulated there, \u201c<u>that if I did not by my means, I countinanced the getting of greasy negroes into Canada<\/u>,\u201d and he seems to think there should be some authentic contradiction of it.<\/p>\n<p>Really the charge seems to me to be too infamous to justify a denial. You know its falsity in fact and inferance, and I should as soon think of denying the charge of robbing a hen roost. If I have lived thus long without acquiring character enough to repel such a charge, then I have lived in vain, and my friends have made a most egregious mistake in presenting my name for the Vice Presidency. I hope you will see M<sup>r<\/sup> Taylor, who has doubtless acted from the best of motives, and state to him the falsity of such a charge. Truly Yours,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Millard Fillmore<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6>Autograph letter signed. State University of New York, Oswego. Microfilmed in Lester W. Smith, ed., <em>Millard Fillmore Papers<\/em> (Buffalo, NY: Buffalo &amp; Erie County Historical Society and State University College at Oswego, 1975), reel 12. Addressed to \u201c<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">Benj<sup>n.<\/sup> Ogle Taylor, Eq.<\/span>\u201d<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Texas did agree to annexation, and opponents such as Stephen C. Phillips failed to prevent it. In December 1845 Texas became a US state with slavery legal. But the debate over slavery continued for another fifteen years, until the Civil War. One factor in the debate was the Underground Railroad, a network of Black and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-357","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=357"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/357\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=357"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":355,"date":"2022-01-10T09:31:27","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:31:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=355"},"modified":"2022-01-15T15:03:51","modified_gmt":"2022-01-15T21:03:51","slug":"teaching-guide-texas-part2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part2\/","title":{"rendered":"Millard Fillmore and Texas Annexation, Part 2"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"A-hd\" style=\"text-align: center\"><i>Texas became a central issue in the presidential election of 1844. James K. Polk, the Democrat, <\/i><i>supported annexation; Henry Clay, the Whig, opposed it. After Polk won, outgoing president John Tyler insisted that the voters wanted Texas. He still could not get the Senate to approve a treaty, which required a two-thirds majority. He therefore convinced Congress to approve annexation by a regular law, known as a \u201cjoint resolution,\u201d which required only a bare majority. By the time Polk took office in March 1845, Congress had done so; all that remained was for the Texas government to accept the offer. In this letter, opponents of annexation share their concerns with Fillmore and seek his help to stop the process. They discuss Article II, Section 2 of the US Constitution, which provides that \u201cThe President . . . shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur.\u201d<\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>STEPHEN C. PHILLIPS ET AL.<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> TO MILLARD FILLMORE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Boston June 25. 1845.<\/p>\n<p>Sir,<\/p>\n<p>The Convention of the People of Massachusetts opposed to the Annexation of Texas, which was held in Fanueil Hall on the 29th January, appointed a Committee of Correspondence, in whose behalf we address you.<\/p>\n<p>By the appointment of such a Committee it was the design of the Convention to provide for immediate communication with the opponents of Annexation in this and other States, as soon as any emergency should be deemed to require a general consultation. The passage of the Joint Resolution providing for the admission of Texas as a new State into the Union upon terms, which, if they should be accepted by Texas, will await only the legislative action of the next Congress to be carried into effect, furnishes the occasion upon which we shall be expected to commence the performance of our duties.<\/p>\n<p>In view of this proceeding of Congress- we take it for granted that you agree with us that the Constitution has been violated, that the reserved rights of the States and the People have been interfered with and subverted, and that a compact with a foreign nation for an unconstitutional object has been undertaken in a mode in which the treaty-making power cannot be exercised. We presume that you will estimate as we do the design and effect of the measure\u2014that you feel the blow which has been aimed at the rights of the Free States\u2014that you will foresee the political consequences which must result from the preponderance of the Slave-holding States in the Senate, and from the unlimited extension of the right of representation in the House of Representatives and the Electoral Colleges\u2014and that, in such an attempt to increase to an incalculable extent and to prolong for an indefinite period all the evils of Slavery, you will discern a sure prognostic of National degeneracy and disgrace.<\/p>\n<p>If the Annexation of Texas were already consummated\u2014if it did not necessar<span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">y<\/span>^ily^ await the further action of Congress\u2014if the voice of the People might not yet be heard in remonstrance against it,- we should feel that we could only consider and ask you to consider the last alternative of submission to a violated Constitution and the will of its violators, or an effort to obtain, at whatever hazard, that Constitutional guaranty of Liberty unalloyed with Slavery, which alone can secure to the country of <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">the<\/span> our Fathers the spirit and substance, and not merely the form of a Republican Government. But the work is not wholly done. It is yet in the power of Congress to retrace its steps; and the mortifying fact that the county has been brought into its present dangerous position by the votes of the Representatives of the Free States makes it certain that the People of the Free States, if they will even now arouse themselves, and act together and instruct their Representatives, have it in their power to preserve the Constitution and the Union inviolate. We make it our first duty therefore to appeal to them for this object, and to implore ^them to consider^ the magnitude of the issue which they may and must decide.<\/p>\n<p>With this brief explanation of our views and purpose, we take the liberty of addressing you for the sake of asking your advice and co-operation. We desire to be informed of the present state of opinion and feeling in your State, and to receive all the suggestions in regard to a course of immediate and general action throughout the Free States which you may be pleased to communicate to us. If it be practicable, we deem it important that arrangements should be made for holding a series of popular Conventions, at which the subject in all its aspects can be fully discussed, and which will afford to the People an opportunity, in the most suitable and effective manner, to declare their will, and to exhibit their spirit and strength. We wish also to secure the aid of the Press throughout the Free States in favor of the cause, and of whatever movement may be resolved upon. As much as this must be done, if any thing is attempted; and as soon as we can be assured that those whom we address are prepared to co-operate with us, we will proceed to take such preliminary measures, as, in their judgment, may be properly expected of us.<\/p>\n<p>Hoping to receive from you an early answer to this communication, we remain, very respectfully, Your friends and fellow-citizens,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">S. C. Phillips.-<\/p>\n<p>An answer may be addressed to the Committee, under cover to Hon Daniel P. King, M.C. South Danvers, Massachusetts.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6>Autograph letter signed. State University of New York, Oswego. Microfilmed in Lester W. Smith, ed., <em>Millard Fillmore Papers<\/em> (Buffalo, NY: Buffalo &amp; Erie County Historical Society and State University College at Oswego, 1975), reel 10. From Fillmore\u2019s autograph endorsement: received July 1.<\/h6>\n<h6><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Written by Phillips and signed by him, Charles Allen, and Charles Francis Adams.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Texas became a central issue in the presidential election of 1844. James K. Polk, the Democrat, supported annexation; Henry Clay, the Whig, opposed it. After Polk won, outgoing president John Tyler insisted that the voters wanted Texas. He still could not get the Senate to approve a treaty, which required a two-thirds majority. He therefore [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-355","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/355","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=355"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/355\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=355"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":353,"date":"2022-01-10T09:31:08","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:31:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/?page_id=353"},"modified":"2022-01-10T09:31:08","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T15:31:08","slug":"teaching-guide-texas-part1-continued","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/teaching-guide-texas-part1-continued\/","title":{"rendered":"Millard Fillmore and Texas Annexation, Part 1 (continued)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Most Northern states, by the 1840s, had ended slavery. Most Black Americans, however, remained <\/em><em>enslaved in the Southern states and in Washington, DC. George Watterston, a Washington Whig and the former head of the Library of Congress, had this letter printed and sent to multiple people including Fillmore. He discusses the slavetrading business of the brothers Thomas and William H. Williams and mentions James K. Polk and George M. Dallas, the Democratic nominees for president and vice president. As he notes, at this time residents <\/em><em>of the nation\u2019s capital could not vote in presidential elections.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>GEORGE WATTERSTON TO MILLARD FILLMORE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">WASHINGTON CITY, October 19, 1844.<\/p>\n<p>Dear sir:<\/p>\n<p>There is here in Washington a Slave Jail, or \u201cNegro Pen,\u201d as it is called, the property of a man named Williams, (^Partner of^ the <span style=\"text-decoration: line-through\">same<\/span> man who was recently fined and imprisoned in New Orleans for importing into Louisiana, contrary to law, slaves who had been convicted of criminal offences,) and the place wherein he confines the negroes bought by him for shipment to New Orleans. He is exclusively a negro trader; that is his vocation, in which he is engaged so largely as to require him to <em>own<\/em> a jail, and the vessels in which his living cargoes are transported southward. His establishment, situated at the corner of Maryland avenue and Seventh street, has been heretofore as unobtrusive as such a place ought to be. Citizens knew what it was, and while they regretted that such a place should be in their midst, they reconciled themselves to its existence from the knowledge that, though a degrading fact in itself, it was an inevitable incident to a sad domestic institution, the evils of which they recognized, but saw no remedy for, except in greater and more criminal evils. Strangers might have passed the place unnoticing or merely wondering what misanthrope could have planned and inhabited so gloom^e^y a dwelling. <em>Now<\/em> this slave depot, this mockery of the Capitol, within full sight of which it stands, grown insolent in hope of extended trade and increased gains, has dared to challenge observation, to rear a tall staff above the walls of its cells, and to append thereto the <em>Slave-trader\u2019s banner<\/em>, bearing, in most conspicuous letters, the names of \u201cPolk and Dallas.\u201d Of course these names! What other could <em>he<\/em> inscribe upon <em>his<\/em> flag, or even over the doorway of his prison? <em>Texas<\/em> is his <em>Tariff<\/em>\u2014<em>Polk &amp; Dallas<\/em> are his <em>Protection<\/em>. He, a clear sighted man of business, knows this very well, and as he has already grown rich in his trade, desires of course, and strives for the success of that party whose policy will enable him to grow richer. He has bet very largely, too, upon the success of <em>his<\/em> candidates. Several thousands, it is said, are required to cover his investments in this way. Of course he will not grudge hundreds to secure these investments, and can, and will, and <em>does<\/em> spend money freely to promote this end. <em>The identical dollars, profits of his loathsome traffic, are active electioneering dollars for Polk &amp; Dallas and Texas.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>We, who are used to slavery, born in its midst, are saddened and sickened by many of its features, and our hearts would gladly turn to the philanthropist who should propose the practicable, effectual, and truly benevolent remedy. We sincerely hope that <em>northern<\/em> votes at least will not be instrumental in perpetuating this revolting slave traffic among us, who have no votes for President, and no Representation in Congress. We despise the Slave-trader. Throughout all the South he is a marked man. The <em>gentleman<\/em> does not shake hands with him. The <em>gentleman\u2019s son<\/em>, from his very infancy, associates the idea of most unapproachable infamy with the term \u201cNegro-buyer.\u201d That is our nursery term. By \u201cgentleman\u201d we mean the man whose heart from the beginning of his life is taught to beat proudly in consciousness that its impulses are honest and honorable. Even <em>we<\/em>, used as we are to all this, are indignant that this place should presume to flaunt its banner to the common gaze, making proclamation of the misfortune we would, for decency\u2019s sake, conceal; <em>and yet more<\/em>, that this<em> Negro-buyer<\/em> should have dared, as he has done, <em>to<\/em> <em>associate with his own peculiar banner<\/em>, even upon the same staff with it, <em>the flag of our common country<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u201cFlag of the free heart\u2019s hope and home\u201d!!<\/p>\n<p>Now, sir, as a zealous Whig, earnest in that cause identical with right and the country\u2019s honor, we urge you to use the facts herein imparted, with all possible advantage to that cause. Trifling as they may seem, and in themselves perhaps may be, yet they are <em>not trifling<\/em> as indices of the character of our opponents\u2019 cause, and the degrading alliances by which it is supported. Impress, not only upon every abolitionist within your reach, but upon every moderate man who does not deem <em>slavery a good and blessed thing<\/em>, that by voting for <em>James K. Polk;<\/em> or for <em>any other man<\/em> than <em>Henry Clay<\/em> for the Presidency, he is directly, or indirectly, participating in an insult to his country\u2019s flag, <em>extending the limits of slavery<\/em> beyond the bounds contemplated by that compact by which fair men of the South are willing strictly to abide, and aiding to put dollars in the pockets of those who live and <em>thrive<\/em> upon the abuses of our most sad abuse and greatest misfortune.<\/p>\n<p>We append the advertisement of the \u201cestablishment.\u201d Even now, under its \u201c<em>Democratic<\/em>\u201d <em>flag<\/em>, it is driving a thriving business, as you may judge from the fact, of which we are informed by a most respectable and credible eye witness, that, on Wednesday morning last, a \u201cgang\u201d (that\u2019s the term) of sixty were marched out from its cells to the wharf, for shipment to New Orleans, via Alexandria. We were not told that these joined chorus with their keepers in huzzas for <em>Polk and Dallas<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u201cNegroes wanted.\u2014I wish to purchase any number of negroes for the New Orleans market, and will give at all times the highest market price in cash for likely young negroes. Those wishing to sell, will find it to their interest to call at my establishment, corner of Seventh street and Maryland avenue, where myself or agent can be seen at any time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px\">\u201cCommunications promptly attended to.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;text-align: right\">\u201cTHOS. WILLIAMS.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">\u261e<em>The above facts are true as stated.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Geo Watterston Cor. Sec. Washington City Clay Club.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6>Printed circular signed with autograph emendations. State University of New York, Oswego. Microfilmed in Lester W. Smith, ed., <em>Millard Fillmore Papers<\/em> (Buffalo, NY: Buffalo &amp; Erie County Historical Society and State University College at Oswego, 1975), reel 10.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.american.edu\/spa\/ccps\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-194\" src=\"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped.jpg 605w, https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1556\/2020\/03\/CCPS-logo_color-cropped-300x112.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Most Northern states, by the 1840s, had ended slavery. Most Black Americans, however, remained enslaved in the Southern states and in Washington, DC. George Watterston, a Washington Whig and the former head of the Library of Congress, had this letter printed and sent to multiple people including Fillmore. He discusses the slavetrading business of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3183,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-353","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/353","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3183"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=353"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/353\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/taylorandfillmore\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=353"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]