[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” column_structure=”1_2,1_2″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/news.images.itv.com\/image\/file\/171650\/2febed8b6f158a09_1362522493_9j-4aaqsk.jpeg” _builder_version=”3.26.3″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” inline_fonts=”Noto Serif”]<\/p>\n
The Alternate Discourse section details analysis on the sub-themes that did not fit into the three main themes of neocolonialism, exoticism, or intersection. The Alternate Discourse section is significant because the media analyzed painted Chavez’s election and Chavez’s leadership positively, differentiating itself from the dominant discourse.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat” column_structure=”1_2,1_2″][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/news.images.itv.com\/image\/file\/171650\/2febed8b6f158a09_1362522493_9j-4aaqsk.jpeg” _builder_version=”3.26.3″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” inline_fonts=”Noto Serif”] The Alternate Discourse section details analysis on the sub-themes that did not fit into the three main themes of neocolonialism, exoticism, or intersection. The […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-535","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/535","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=535"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/535\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":534,"date":"2019-12-02T19:53:26","date_gmt":"2019-12-02T19:53:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=534"},"modified":"2019-12-03T00:37:13","modified_gmt":"2019-12-03T00:37:13","slug":"intersection-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/intersection-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Intersection"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″ column_structure=”1_3,2_3″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image _builder_version=”3.26.3″ src=”https:\/\/www.socialistalternative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/11\/Chavez-socialismo.jpg”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px”]<\/p>\n Many of the media sources and pieces of policy analyzed included elements of both neocolonialism as well as exoticism. This manifested itself most clearly with the idea of the “white savior,” in which the U.S. otherized and looked down upon the darker-skinned bodies within Venezuela and believed the country could be “fixed” with American economic and governmental approaches. Many of these neocolonial approaches would benefit the U.S. financially and politically while hurting Venezuela, but this could be tolerated as Venezuelans were seen as exotic and expendable. The U.S. deemed Venezuela both corrupt, undemocratic, violent, and dependent on America as well as a place of enormous opportunity for the extraction of natural resources, advancement of American international hegemony, and political influences. This section shows how these views and the themes of exoticism and neocolonialism often intersected within American media and U.S. policy.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″ column_structure=”1_3,2_3″][et_pb_column type=”1_3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image _builder_version=”3.26.3″ src=”https:\/\/www.socialistalternative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2007\/11\/Chavez-socialismo.jpg”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px”] Many of the media sources and pieces of policy analyzed included elements of both neocolonialism as well as exoticism. This manifested itself most clearly with the idea of the “white savior,” in which the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-534","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=534"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/534\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":533,"date":"2019-12-02T19:52:58","date_gmt":"2019-12-02T19:52:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=533"},"modified":"2019-12-03T02:21:35","modified_gmt":"2019-12-03T02:21:35","slug":"exoticism-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/exoticism-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Exoticism"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px”]<\/p>\n Audre Lorde’s writing on exoticism is directly tied to our work because of the way certain bodies get other, reinforcing oppressive structures.\u00a0 This is especially prevelant in the political cartoons and in the newspapers. The language used in newspapers portrays Chavez as violent and dangerous. This get reinforced in the political cartoons when Chavez is depicted as a dangerous militant leader and even as an animal, furthering showing this otherness and ability to make people see Chavez as dangerous.\u00a0<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″ column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”1_3″][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1477\/2019\/12\/jones-09-20-10.jpg” _builder_version=”3.26.3″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”1_3″][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1477\/2019\/12\/jones-03-06-08.jpg” _builder_version=”3.26.3″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”1_3″][et_pb_image src=”http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1477\/2019\/12\/bish-04-20-09.jpg” _builder_version=”3.26.3″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px”] Audre Lorde’s writing on exoticism is directly tied to our work because of the way certain bodies get other, reinforcing oppressive structures.\u00a0 This is especially prevelant in the political cartoons and in the newspapers. The language used in newspapers portrays Chavez as violent […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-533","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/533","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=533"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/533\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=533"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":532,"date":"2019-12-02T19:52:29","date_gmt":"2019-12-02T19:52:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=532"},"modified":"2019-12-03T03:11:58","modified_gmt":"2019-12-03T03:11:58","slug":"neocolonialism-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/neocolonialism-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Neocolonialism"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″ column_structure=”2_5,3_5″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”2_5″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1477\/2019\/12\/bish-10-08-12.jpg” _builder_version=”3.26.3″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”3_5″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px”]<\/p>\n Neocolonialism was seen within the dominant discourse in media and policy mainly in the form of trade and oil. As seen in our research, oil became a central piece to the relationship between Chavez’s Venezuela and the United States. Though the United States critiqued the country and Chavez for his “autocracy,” “militarism,” “government control,” etc, the reliance on oil made it so the United States rarely put their words into political action. Moreover, the discourse in the media saw a spin of certain Venezuelan issues to justify intervention or policies that actively worked against Chavez. For example, election corruption and weapons trade. This saviorism and reliance on oil allowed for the United States to intervene in another country’s politics while using American values and standards as a justification regardless of the hypocrisy of trading with a demonized country.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″ column_structure=”2_5,3_5″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”2_5″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1477\/2019\/12\/bish-10-08-12.jpg” _builder_version=”3.26.3″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”3_5″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px”] Neocolonialism was seen within the dominant discourse in media and policy mainly in the form of trade and oil. As seen in our research, oil became a central piece to the relationship between Chavez’s Venezuela and the United […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-532","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/532","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=532"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/532\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=532"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":337,"date":"2019-11-28T01:48:45","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T01:48:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=337"},"modified":"2019-12-01T20:48:31","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T20:48:31","slug":"undemocratic","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/undemocratic\/","title":{"rendered":"Undemocratic"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ custom_padding=”||0px||false|false”][et_pb_row custom_padding=”27px|||||” custom_margin=”||-90px||false|false” _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_post_title meta=”off” text_color=”light” _builder_version=”3.26.3″ title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” background_color=”#003366″ text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”]<\/p>\n Policy<\/u><\/p>\n For a brief time, in the months after Hugo Chavez\u2019s election, the United States government viewed him as a promising new leader in Venezuela. The House of Representatives introduced a resolution congratulating the Venezuelan people on their free and fair election. The State Department foresaw a new beginning for the strong diplomatic relations with Venezuela. The Clinton White House saw a young leader of an oil-rich country whom they could mold to be in line with Western democratic and capitalist ideals. However, the hopes of these American governmental leaders were quickly dashed as Chavez declared Venezuela a \u201cBolivarian revolutionary\u201d state, which would distance the nation from dependence on the U.S. and democratic norms. Always, in the minds of American leadership, Chavez and Venezuelans were seen as \u201cother\u201d and \u201cexotic\u201d in the ways described by American thinker and writer, Audre Lorde. The only question was whether these \u201cothers\u201d could be brought in line with the democratic hegemony espoused by the U.S. to an extent that would promote American interests internationally. When it was becoming clear by the early 2000s that Hugo Chavez would be exploring alternative approaches to governance and attempt to buck American influence and democracy promotion, U.S. policy shifted dramatically. U.S. officials in Congress, the State Department, and the White House began labeling Chavez and Venezuelan leadership as \u201cundemocratic\u201d and \u201cauthoritarian.\u201d There were clear tones of exoticism and otherization that permeated these policies. Edward Said\u2019s \u201cus\u201d vs. \u201cthem\u201d mentality of the West toward the Orient can be extended to the ideas of American leadership toward Venezuela and the broader Global South.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ custom_padding=”||0px||false|false”][et_pb_row custom_padding=”27px|||||” custom_margin=”||-90px||false|false” _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_post_title meta=”off” text_color=”light” _builder_version=”3.26.3″ title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” background_color=”#003366″ text_orientation=”center” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-337","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/337","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=337"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/337\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=337"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":336,"date":"2019-11-28T01:46:43","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T01:46:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=336"},"modified":"2019-12-01T20:49:52","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T20:49:52","slug":"violence-and-protests","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/violence-and-protests\/","title":{"rendered":"Violence and Protests"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ meta=”off” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”]<\/p>\n Policy<\/u><\/p>\n United States policymakers embraced what they deemed as \u201cprotests\u201d of the Venezuelan people, so long as those movements went against Hugo Chavez and were in the American political interest. During these times, the U.S. government fancied itself as a true supporter of the \u201cVenezuelan people\u201d against their strongman oppressors. U.S. leaders were perpetuating the ideas laid out in Rudyard Kipling\u2019s \u201cThe White Man\u2019s Burden.\u201d It was the burden of white Americans to save the Venezuelan people from a leadership they were too unsophisticated to upend themselves. In its place, U.S. officials would impose the \u201cenlightened\u201d governing structures of the West to save the \u201cpoor,\u201d \u201cexotic\u201d Venezuelans from themselves. Chavez and the ideals he espoused were too uncivilized to represent the will of the people, and it was the obligation of U.S. policy to bring the superior American democracy, ideals of individual freedom, and capitalism to the strange land of Venezuela. This U.S. support only came to Venezuelans perpetuating views that aligned with American interests. Those who promoted alternative ideas were categorized as \u201cviolent\u201d and \u201cthreatening.\u201d An essential component of Audre Lorde\u2019s exoticism and Edward Said\u2019s orientalism is the notion that the \u201cother\u201d is violent and untamed. U.S. policymakers deemed Venezuelans who advocated for ideas that were not expressly in the American national interest as violent belligerent, thus othering them, oppressing them, and lowering them to the status of barbarians and thugs.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”4_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ meta=”off” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” 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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-336","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/336","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=336"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/336\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=336"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":335,"date":"2019-11-28T01:45:50","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T01:45:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=335"},"modified":"2019-12-01T20:46:59","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T20:46:59","slug":"terrorism-and-drugs","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/terrorism-and-drugs\/","title":{"rendered":"Terrorism and Drugs"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ meta=”off” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_text_align=”center” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”]<\/p>\n Policy<\/u><\/p>\n A key part of U.S. policy toward Venezuela was the categorization of the country and Chavez as a state-sponsor of terrorism. The exoticism, otherization, and oppressiveness of these policies were clear: by linking Chavez and Venezuela to the terrorist organizations of darker-skinned people, U.S. officials could sow fear in the American public toward the frightening strangers of Venezuela. It was a near-constant practice of the U.S. Congress, State Department, and White House to attempt to find connections between Hugo Chavez and the Lebanese terrorist organization, Hezbollah, as well as the Palestinian terrorist organization, Hamas. Audre Lorde\u2019s description of the otherization and oppression of black and brown people was deeply at play here. The darker-skinned Venezuelan government could be linked to darker-skinned Middle Eastern terrorists, creating a view of Venezuelans as violent barbarians. Additionally, U.S. leaders linked Chavez to the government of Iran. In this case, Chavez could be seen as being involved with a more sophisticated, state-run terrorist organization in the form of the Iranian government. Said\u2019s \u201cus\u201d vs. \u201cthem\u201d mentality is intact, as the U.S. compels itself to repel a coalition of evil, darker-skinned states including Iran and Chavez\u2019s Venezuela. Finally, American policy decried the perceived alliance of Hugo Chavez and the Colombian narco-terrorist group, FARC. Here was further proof that the \u201cothers\u201d of Latin America were collaborating to perpetrate violence. It did not take the influence of the exotic Middle East to create a dangerous Venezuela. Instead, the brutish nature of Chavez and the people he represented could be understood through his perceived connection to groups within the otherized continent of South America itself. Further, FARC reflected another oppressive part of U.S. policy\u2014the association of Chavez with the drug trade. American policymakers felt that they needed to protect the innocent, generally white, Americans from the exotic narcotics being developed and trafficked by Chavez and his Latin American allies. Chavez\u2019s Venezuela can never be seen as legitimate so long as it poisons innocent people in the West with the drugs Chavez was alleging pushing from his place in the unfamiliar and frightening Global South.<\/p>\n The U.S. also gave itself a license to intervene in Venezuela by pointing to the alleged connection of Chavez\u2019s government to terrorist organizations such as Hezbollah, Hamas, and FARC. The idea that such violent groups could be operating within the hemisphere was deeply frightening to the American public, giving U.S. officials an excuse to enter into the political affairs of Venezuela and impose its influence in a neocolonial manner. Similarly, American concern regarding drugs coming out of Venezuela created a narrative for why the U.S. needed to intervene in the country\u2019s policy. Under this guise, the U.S. could attempt to shape Venezuelan policy on an array of issues to benefit itself. Finally, civil unrest within Venezuela that the U.S. deemed violent allowed American policymakers to insert itself into domestic Venezuelan affairs. U.S. policymakers, often seeing themselves as the police of the world, could explain away its influence campaigns to silence certain sides of internal Venezuelan debate as necessary peacekeeping efforts.\u00a0 With its asymmetric power as explained by Michel Foucault, the U.S. could create a hegemonic narrative of Venezuela\u2019s affinity for nuclear weapons, terrorists, drugs, and violence which would serve as a justification for its interventions in Venezuela.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”4_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ meta=”off” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_text_align=”center” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” 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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-335","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=335"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/335\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":333,"date":"2019-11-28T01:44:59","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T01:44:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=333"},"modified":"2019-12-01T20:45:48","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T20:45:48","slug":"red-beret-as-an-intersection-in-videos-the-impact-of-b-roll","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/red-beret-as-an-intersection-in-videos-the-impact-of-b-roll\/","title":{"rendered":"Red Beret as an Intersection in Videos: The Impact of B Roll"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_text_align=”center” meta=”off” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”]<\/p>\n Videos<\/u><\/p>\n B-roll is a video that overlays voice over. Editors make conscious choices in what video to put over voice over, therefore, the combination of voice and visual should be analyzed. The red beret makes an appearance in three places: on Chavez as a military man, in military demonstrations, and on Chavez\u2019s supporters in protest. As Chavez is portrayed as a military man in the red beret, he is portrayed as a threat, enacting policy about oil that could be disastrous to the United States. However, this is not solely to the neocolonial nature of relating military and militant nature to the red beret. The b-roll of non-Chavez actors in the red beret has an overlay of voice over that talks about poverty, unemployment, or poor Venezuelans. This overlay adds exoticism to the presentation of the red beret, as the red beret is paired with something that is \u201cothered.\u201d\u00a0<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”4_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_text_align=”center” meta=”off” 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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-333","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=333"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/333\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":332,"date":"2019-11-28T01:43:37","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T01:43:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=332"},"modified":"2019-12-01T20:19:38","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T20:19:38","slug":"american-dependence","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/american-dependence\/","title":{"rendered":"American Dependence"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_orientation=”center” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_text_align=”center” title_font_size=”30px” meta=”off”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”]<\/p>\n Newspapers<\/u><\/p>\n Neocolonialism\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n There\u2019s an interesting juxtaposition to this since it refers to how nations in Latin America, such as Venezuela, depend on American policymakers to help with economic decline, poverty and help the government take control of the country after riots. Both the\u00a0New York Times<\/em>\u00a0and the\u00a0Wall Street Journal<\/em>\u00a0depict Venezuela \u201cin shambles,\u201d which shows that without U.S. involvement, Venezuela will continue to be \u201cin shambles.\u201d This idea of Venezuela needing to be saved is understood through the lens of Said\u2019s Orientalism and the idea that non-Western nations are \u201cbackward,\u201d as seen in how both news sources describe Chavez to be \u201chostile,\u201d \u201cviolent,\u201d and \u201cunstable,\u201d justifying the U.S. involvement in Venezuela to progress the nation through its policy.<\/p>\n Exoticism\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n The other side to American dependence is the U.S. depending on nations like Venezuela and the Gulf states in the Middle East for oil. Additionally, this concept of American dependence can is understood through Audre Lorde, as the \u201cpoor Venezuelans\u201d are exoticized. The U.S. media frames Venezuelan citizens in a state of oppression by Chavez, and therefore, exoticize their welfare to justify U.S. involvement in the country.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”4_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_orientation=”center” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_color=”#ffffff” 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[…]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-332","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/332","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=332"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/332\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}},{"id":331,"date":"2019-11-28T01:43:01","date_gmt":"2019-11-28T01:43:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/?page_id=331"},"modified":"2019-12-01T20:38:17","modified_gmt":"2019-12-01T20:38:17","slug":"corruption","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/corruption\/","title":{"rendered":"Corruption"},"content":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ meta=”off” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_4_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_5_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_5_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_6_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_6_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”]<\/p>\n Newspapers<\/u><\/p>\n Neocolonialism\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Though corruption is discussed in the exoticism section, it is important to note its influence in neocolonialism as well. During the elections and referendums, the U.S. media often attempted to compare the election standards in Venezuela to those in the United States to poke holes in Venezuela\u2019s seemingly less secure system. Moreover, by giving a platform to his losing opponent\u2019s calls for recounts, they delegitimize Chavez\u2019s victories and continue to portray him, if not a corrupt leader, then as a less deserving victor. Therefore, there is a hope that Chavez follows the election protocols of the United States, which leads to democracy promotion (even though all of Chavez\u2019s victories occurred through democratic pathways). As seen in Said\u2019s theory, by showcasing Venezuela as corrupt, its agency is diminished, and the U.S. media can discredit Chavez based on insincerity and falsehoods. Therefore, once Chavez has lost his credibility, the U.S. media can advocate for \u201cbettering\u201d Venezuela through democracy promotion, election monitoring, Bush meeting with members of the Organization of American States, and others.<\/p>\n Exoticism\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Corruption is also discussed as if it is frequent in Latin American countries, especially in Chavez\u2019s Venezuela (as proven by the continuous referral to Chavez\u2019s 1992 failed undemocratic military coup, even after his death in 2013). The harkening on the coup sets a precedence that Chavez works against the ideals of American democracy, and therefore, corruption is not an unreasonable avenue for him to pursue. However, conveniently unmentioned is that Chavez went through directly democratic channels from his constitutional referendum to his elections. This action is highlighted whenever Chavez takes action against his media critics, pushed for a referendum, or ran for reelection. Both the corruption and violence are seen as ever-present in Latin American society, harkening back to Said\u2019s analysis that the West sees the Orient as deserving of colonization due to their inability to progress. The assumption that democracy is something Venezuelans must fight for is an exoticizing one since it shows darker bodies as unable to innately have the same morals and goals as the white hegemonic structures of the United States.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.26.3″][et_pb_column _builder_version=”3.26.3″ type=”4_4″][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.26.3″ background_color=”#003366″ z_index_tablet=”500″ box_shadow_horizontal_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_vertical_tablet=”0px” box_shadow_blur_tablet=”40px” box_shadow_spread_tablet=”0px”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″ background_size=”initial” background_position=”top_left” background_repeat=”repeat”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_post_title _builder_version=”3.26.3″ meta=”off” title_font=”Noto Serif|700|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#ffffff” title_font_size=”30px”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.26.3″ text_font=”Noto Serif||||||||” text_text_color=”#ffffff” text_font_size=”20px” z_index_tablet=”500″ text_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” text_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” link_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” link_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ul_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ul_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” ol_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” ol_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” quote_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” quote_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_2_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_2_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_3_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_vertical_length_tablet=”0px” header_3_text_shadow_blur_strength_tablet=”1px” header_4_text_shadow_horizontal_length_tablet=”0px” […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-331","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/331","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3013"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=331"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/331\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edspace.american.edu\/uschavezdiscourses\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=331"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}]